{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T23:07:33Z","timestamp":1783552053906,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,20]],"date-time":"2025-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758326400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":19,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFC2703101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2703101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Gene Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The protein\u2013metabolite interactions play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (<jats:sc>AD<\/jats:sc>); however, the causal significance of these interactions in <jats:sc>AD<\/jats:sc> pathogenesis remains elusive.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We integrated datasets of protein quantitative trait loci (pQTL), metabolite quantitative trait loci (mQTL), and genome\u2010wide association study (GWAS) for <jats:sc>AD<\/jats:sc>. Initially, we performed MR analysis to identify proteins and metabolites causally associated with <jats:sc>AD<\/jats:sc> risk. To guarantee the robustness of these findings, Bayesian colocalization analysis was employed to confirm shared genetic signals. Meanwhile, Steiger filtering was utilized to verify the directionality of causal effects. Sensitivity analyses were further carried out to assess potential pleiotropy and bias. Moreover, we employed MR analysis to assess the causal relationships between proteins and metabolites, identifying protein\u2013metabolite pairs that are associated with <jats:sc>AD<\/jats:sc>. Finally, we evaluated the druggability of these causal proteins as potential therapeutic targets.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Proteomic and metabolomic MR analyses identified 14 proteins and 50 metabolites causally associated with <jats:sc>AD<\/jats:sc>. Among these, five proteins (BIN1, C1R, SHPS1, LILRB1, and TMEM106B) passed Bayesian colocalization analysis (PPH4\u2009\u2265\u200980%). Notably, LILRB1 exhibited a protective effect against <jats:sc>AD<\/jats:sc>, while BIN1, C1R, SHPS1, and TMEM106B were implicated as risk factors for the disease. Of the 50 metabolites, 38 passed sensitivity and Steiger filtering analyses and were utilized for further protein\u2010metabolite pair analysis. Subsequent MR analysis revealed 13 protein\u2013metabolite pairs associated with <jats:sc>AD<\/jats:sc>, involving four proteins (BIN1, C1R, SHPS1, and LILRB1) and 12 metabolites. Notably, drugs targeting BIN1, including M344, L\u2010type calcium channel blockers, and BIN1 monoclonal antibodies, have been reported as potential treatments for <jats:sc>AD<\/jats:sc>. For the remaining three drug targets, medications used for other diseases were identified as potentially applicable.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings highlight four proteins as potential drug targets for <jats:sc>AD<\/jats:sc>, and suggest their corresponding protein\u2013metabolite pairs should be prioritized for analysis of potential mechanistic pathways.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jgm.70035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,20]],"date-time":"2025-09-20T11:25:24Z","timestamp":1758367524000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Exploring the Protein\u2013Metabolite Interplay to Discover Novel Drug Targets for Alzheimer's Disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Kang\u2010Fu","family":"Yin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University  Kunming Yunnan Province China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao\u2010Jing","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mental Health Center, West China Hospital Sichuan University  Chengdu Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, West China Hospital Sichuan University  Chengdu Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei\u2010Ming","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, West China Hospital Sichuan University  Chengdu Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing\u2010Qing","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, West China Hospital Sichuan University  Chengdu Sichuan 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