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Associated conditions include stiff\u2010person syndrome (SPS) (classic and variant forms), cerebellar ataxia, limbic or extra\u2010limbic encephalitis, nystagmus issues, drug\u2010resistant epilepsy, paraneoplastic SPS, and progressive encephalopathy with rigidity and myoclonus (PERM). Although PERM and paraneoplastic SPS are mainly associated with antibodies targeting glycine receptors and amphiphysin, GAD antibodies might also be detected. Despite evidence of autoimmune activity and GABAergic dysfunction in some cases, the direct pathological role of GAD antibodies remains uncertain and debated. Diagnosis relies on clinical evaluation combined with detecting GAD antibodies in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), alongside confirmation of intrathecal antibody production. While GAD antibodies are not always required for diagnoses like SPS, they are essential for confirming cerebellar ataxia, encephalitis, or epilepsy. Treatment typically involves immunotherapy, with first\u2010line options including intravenous immunoglobulins, steroids, or plasma exchange to induce remission. Long\u2010term immunosuppression is often necessary. Symptomatic therapies (e.g., for muscle spasms, seizures, or delirium) are also recommended. The prognosis can differ, but it is typically positioned at an intermediate level between neurological syndromes associated with antibodies that target neural membrane antigens and those linked to onconeural antibodies. This review aims to further investigate the pathogenic role of these antibodies to improve predictions and select more appropriate treatment strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jgm.70039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T01:14:18Z","timestamp":1759454058000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Anti\u2010Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) Antibodies and Neurological Syndromes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Omid","family":"Mohammadzadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences  Sabzevar Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nafise","family":"Fahimzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences  Sabzevar Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fateme","family":"Elhami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences  Sabzevar Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6642-7400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saeideh\u00a0Sadat","family":"Shobeiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular and Molecular Research Center Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences  Sabzevar Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30411-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.13.04160"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-021-00213-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15330\/jpnubio.11.78-92"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnrt.2024.100176"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/neurosci6020051"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.83066"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bea.2025.100172"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-024-01987-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2024.e00427"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30299-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21123"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-018-1976-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200125"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5603\/pjnns.98738"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(91)90077-D"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.14-03-01834.1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","first-page":"109","article-title":"Uniqueness and Redundancy in GABA Production","volume":"5","author":"Pinal C. 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