{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T16:51:02Z","timestamp":1783529462482,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017950","name":"Shanghai Municipal Health Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024PT008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024PT008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017950","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82004418"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82004418"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Gene Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, we intend to investigate the mechanism by which anti\u2010basal ganglia antibodies (ABGA) modulate dopamine release through the CaMKII\u2010TH pathway, which leads to the onset of Tourette syndrome (TS).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the clinical experiment, serum samples were collected from 40 TS children and 40 healthy children. ELISA was performed to detect ABGA, anti\u2010streptolysin O (ASO), and anti\u2010deoxyribonuclease B (ADNB) levels in each group. In the animal experiment, the TS group was microinfused with ABGA\u2010positive serum from TS children. The expression levels of striatal pCaMKII\u03b1\/CaMKII\u03b1, pTH\/TH, Drd1, Drd2, and dopamine (DA) were detected.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Clinical experiments\u00a0showed positive correlation between serum ABGA, ASO, ADNB levels, and YGTSS scores. Animal experiments\u00a0showed that the stereotype score and the expression levels of striatal pCaMKII\u03b1\/CaMKII\u03b1, pTH\/TH, Drd1, and DA were increased in the TS group. The expression levels of striatal Drd2 were reduced, accompanied by neuronal loss within the striatum in the TS group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>ABGA may contribute to the development of TS by increasing striatal dopamine levels through the activation of calcium\u2010calmodulin dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII\u03b1) phosphorylation and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) phosphorylation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jgm.70043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T02:15:09Z","timestamp":1758248109000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Mechanism of Tourette Syndrome Induced by ABGA\u2010Mediated CaMKII\u2010TH Pathway"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Xinnan","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School 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