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This analysis of an Australian population\u2010based case\u2013control family study investigates whether smoking or alcohol consumption is associated with risk of MM and related diseases. Incident cases (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0789) of MM were recruited via cancer registries in Victoria and New South Wales. Controls (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a01,113) were either family members of cases (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0696) or controls recruited for a similarly designed study of renal cancers (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0417). Adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using unconditional multivariable logistic regression. Heavy intake (&gt;20\u00a0g ethanol\/day) of alcohol had a lower risk of MM compared with nondrinkers (OR\u00a0=\u00a00.68, 95% CI: 0.50\u20130.93), and there was an inverse dose\u2013response relationship for average daily alcohol intake (OR per 10\u00a0g ethanol per day\u00a0=\u00a00.92, 95% CI: 0.86\u20130.99); there was no evidence of an interaction with sex. There was no evidence of an association with MM risk for smoking\u2010related exposures (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&gt;\u00a00.18). The associations between smoking and alcohol with MM are similar to those with non\u2010Hodgkin lymphoma. Further research into potential underlying mechanisms is warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jha2.337","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]],"date-time":"2021-11-11T07:52:52Z","timestamp":1636617172000},"page":"109-120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Alcohol and tobacco use and risk of multiple myeloma: A case\u2010control study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0352-1165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Cheah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology Division Cancer Council Victoria  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics Melbourne School of Population and Global Health University of Melbourne  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie K.","family":"Bassett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology Division Cancer Council Victoria  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona J.","family":"Bruinsma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology Division Cancer Council Victoria  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics Melbourne School of Population and Global Health University of Melbourne  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"Cozen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John L.","family":"Hopper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics Melbourne School of Population and Global Health University of Melbourne  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harindra","family":"Jayasekara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology Division Cancer Council Victoria  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics Melbourne School of Population and Global Health University of Melbourne  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas","family":"Joshua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Sydney Medical School University of Sydney  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"MacInnis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology Division Cancer Council Victoria  Melbourne Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics Melbourne School of Population and Global Health University of Melbourne  Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0058-2448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H. 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