{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T17:23:08Z","timestamp":1786123388341,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["eJHaem"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sickle cell disease (SCD) is the most common inherited haemoglobinopathy and poses a high public health burden in Sub\u2010Saharan Africa. Children with sickle cell anaemia are at a highrisk of ischemic stroke, and transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasonography helps identify those at highest risk for primary stroke prevention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the prevalence of abnormal cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) in children with SCD and describe CBFV in children without SCD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We conducted a two\u2010component study comprising a retrospective review and a cross\u2010sectional assessment. TCD measurements from 143 children with confirmed SCD aged 2\u201316 years were reviewed. In a cross\u2010sectional arm, children without SCD aged 3\u201311 years (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a017) underwent standardized middle cerebral artery (MCA) TCD assessment. TCD velocities were categorized using standard criteria and analysed descriptively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 143 children screened, all of whom were receiving hydroxyurea, 1.4% had high TCD velocities (\u2265\u00a0200\u00a0cm\/s), while 4.9% had low velocities (&lt;\u00a050\u00a0cm\/s). TCD velocities were not associated with demographic\/clinical characteristics or haemoglobin levels. Symmetric MCA flows with wide depth and velocity range variability were observed. In children without SCD, all MCA velocities were within the normal range (50\u2013149\u00a0cm\/s), showed right\u2013left symmetry, declined with age, and were broadly similar by gender.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of abnormal TCD velocities was low in children with SCD receiving universal hydroxyurea. In children without SCD, MCA velocities were normal and declined with age, providing local reference values. The observed variability in CBFV supports continued annual TCD screening and repeat scans to confirm stroke\u2010risk classification.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The authors have confirmed clinical trial registration is not needed for this submission.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jha2.70312","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T12:36:50Z","timestamp":1779194210000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound Velocity Measurements in Children With Sickle Cell Disease in Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4877-881X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine","family":"Mwalimu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health Aga Khan University Hospital  Nairobi Kenya"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health Kitui County Referral Hospital  Kitui Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oscar","family":"Odhiambo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ubuntu Neurology  Nairobi Kenya"},{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology Gertrude's Children's Hospital  Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elaine","family":"Mashisia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ubuntu Neurology  Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Mwanja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ubuntu Neurology  Nairobi Kenya"},{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology Gertrude's Children's Hospital  Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allan","family":"Ade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ubuntu Neurology  Nairobi Kenya"},{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology Gertrude's Children's Hospital  Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Vittoria","family":"De Vita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health Ruaraka Uhai Neema Hospital  Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Oyieke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health Aga Khan University Hospital  Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pauline","family":"Samia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health Aga Khan University Hospital  Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fenella","family":"Kirkham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Developmental Neurosciences Department University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samson","family":"Gwer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ubuntu Neurology  Nairobi Kenya"},{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology Gertrude's Children's Hospital  Nairobi Kenya"},{"name":"School of Health Sciences Kenyatta University  Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045\u2010022\u201001237\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JBM.S406196"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2019.02.018"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","first-page":"288","article-title":"Cerebrovascular Accidents in Sickle Cell Disease: Rates and Risk Factors","volume":"91","author":"Ohene\u2010Frempong K.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2333794X18774970"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.51.1.169"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","unstructured":"Evidence Report Quick Guide 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