{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T09:11:12Z","timestamp":1790759472165,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,19]],"date-time":"2019-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J History Behavioral Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Attachment theory, developed by child psychiatrist John Bowlby, is considered a major theory in developmental psychology. Attachment theory can be seen as resulting from Bowlby's personal experiences, his psychoanalytic education, his subsequent study of ethology, and societal developments during the 1930s and 1940s. One of those developments was the outbreak of World War II and its effects on children's psychological wellbeing. In 1950, Bowlby was appointed WHO consultant to study the needs of children who were orphaned or separated from their families for other reasons and needed care in foster homes or institutions. The resulting report is generally considered a landmark publication in psychology, although it subsequently met with methodological criticism. In this paper, by reconstructing Bowlby's visit to several European countries, on the basis of notebooks and letters, the authors shed light on the background of this report and the way Bowlby used or neglected the findings he gathered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jhbs.22016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,20]],"date-time":"2019-11-20T05:08:51Z","timestamp":1574226531000},"page":"169-185","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["A tale of four countries: How Bowlby used his trip through Europe to write the WHO report and spread his ideas"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Frank C. P.","family":"van der Horst","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Education &amp; Child Studies Erasmus School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam  Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Zetterqvist Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Studies, Department of Thematic Studies Link\u00f6ping University  Link\u00f6ping Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lenny","family":"van Rosmalen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Child and Family Studies Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University  Leiden The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ren\u00e9","family":"van der Veer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Child and Family Studies Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University  Leiden The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Magallanes  Punta Arenas Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","volume-title":"Delinquency in girls and its prognosis","author":"Ahnsj\u00f6 S.","year":"1941"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","volume-title":"Deprivation of maternal care: A reassessment of its effects","author":"Ainsworth M. D.","year":"1962"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","volume-title":"Varm choklad och psykoterapi: Om Ericastiftelsen i Stockholm","author":"Bergenheim \u00c5.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bji.2017.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3459031"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Substitute homes","author":"Bowlby J.","year":"1939","journal-title":"Mother and Child, April"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"Forty\u2010four juvenile thieves: Their characters and home\u2010life","volume":"25","author":"Bowlby J.","year":"1944","journal-title":"The International Journal for Psycho\u2010Analysis"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","volume-title":"Maternal care and mental health","author":"Bowlby J.","year":"1952"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","volume-title":"Child care and the growth of love","author":"Bowlby J.","year":"1953"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8341.1958.tb01971.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","volume-title":"Attachment and loss: Attachment","author":"Bowlby J.","year":"1969"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","volume-title":"Attachment and loss: Separation: Anxiety and anger","author":"Bowlby J.","year":"1973"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","volume-title":"Attachment and loss: Loss: Sadness and depression","author":"Bowlby J.","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","first-page":"18","article-title":"Citation classic\u2013Maternal care and mental health","volume":"50","author":"Bowlby J.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Current Contents"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.4119.1202-b"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","volume-title":"Homeless children","author":"Brosse T.","year":"1950"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","volume-title":"War\u2010handicapped children: Report on the European situation","author":"Brosse T.","year":"1950"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","volume-title":"Young children in war\u2010time: A year's work in a residential war nursery","author":"Burlingham D. T.","year":"1942"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","volume-title":"Infants without families: The case for and against residential nurseries","author":"Burlingham D. T.","year":"1944"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1165564"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.108.10.798"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"A critical analysis of Bowlby's theory of attachment","volume":"650","author":"Clinton D. N.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Reports from the Department of Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","first-page":"47","article-title":"\u00abA very British revolution\u00bb? L'\u00e9vacuation des enfants citadins vers les campagnes anglaises 1939\u20131945","volume":"89","author":"Downs L. L.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Revue d'Histoire"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3917\/psye.492.0405"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7312\/durb92284"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/638508"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","first-page":"1165","article-title":"Mental health and the mother","volume":"26","author":"Editorial","year":"1951","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","first-page":"1373","article-title":"The foundation of mental health","volume":"16","author":"Editorial","year":"1951","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0050582"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203013700","volume-title":"A history of child psychoanalysis","author":"Geissmann C.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13691457.2014.949633"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","first-page":"722","article-title":"Querido, een levensverhaal","volume":"46","author":"Heerma van Voss A. J.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Maandblad Geestelijke Volksgezondheid"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","volume-title":"John Bowlby & attachment theory","author":"Holmes J.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","volume-title":"Br\u00e5kiga, l\u00f6saktiga och nagelbitande barn: Om barn och barnproblem vid en r\u00e5dgivningsbyr\u00e5 i Stockholm 1933\u20101950","author":"J\u00f6nsson U.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","first-page":"223","article-title":"Ursula Longstaff Bowlby (1916\u20132000): The creative inspiration behind the secure base","volume":"10","author":"Kahr B.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Attachment"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","volume-title":"Becoming attached: Unfolding the mystery of the infant\u2010mother bond and its impact on later life","author":"Karen R.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/791576"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","first-page":"349","article-title":"[Psychological and psychopathological problems posed by the hospitalization of children]","volume":"12","author":"Lelong M.","year":"1955","journal-title":"Archives Francaises de Pediatrie"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","volume-title":"Children of Europe: A study of the children of liberated countries: their war\u2010time experiences, their reactions, and their beeds, with a note on Germany","author":"Macardle D.","year":"1949"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0952695106069666"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","first-page":"45","article-title":"A cultural anthropologist's approach to maternal deprivation","volume":"14","author":"Mead M.","year":"1962","journal-title":"Public Health Papers"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","volume-title":"Child care: Sense and fable","author":"Morgan P.","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","volume-title":"Delinquency and children from bad homes: A study of prognosis from a social point of view","author":"Otterstr\u00f6m E.","year":"1946"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jhbs.21834"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","volume-title":"Het Zeeburgerdorp: Een sociaal\u2010psychiatrische studie","author":"Querido A.","year":"1933"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.119.11.1116"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","volume-title":"The century of the child: The mental hygiene movement and social policy in the United States and Canada","author":"Richardson T.","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","first-page":"131","article-title":"Recent trends in care of deprived children in the U.K","volume":"4","author":"Robertson J.","year":"1952","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Federation of Mental Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","volume-title":"Histoire de la psychanalyse en France","author":"Roudinesco E.","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","volume-title":"Histoire de la psychanalyse en France","author":"Roudinesco E.","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","first-page":"66","article-title":"Responses of young children to separation from their mother. I. Observation of children aged 12 to 17 months recently separated from their families and living in an institution","volume":"2","author":"Roudinesco J.","year":"1952","journal-title":"Courrier du Centre International de l'Enfance"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_1","volume-title":"Maternal deprivation reassessed","author":"Rutter M.","year":"1972"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_1","unstructured":"Senn M. J. E.(1977).Transcript of an interview with Dr. John Bowlby in London. Unpublished Wellcome Library PP\/BOW\/A.5\/2."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1466-7657.2002.00110.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3348276"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_57_1","first-page":"557","article-title":"Een kinderpsychiater wars van hokjesdenken: Nel Tibout (1899\u20131968)","volume":"51","author":"Simpelaar L.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tijdschrift voor Orthopedagogiek"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_58_1","volume-title":"Discussions on child development","author":"Tanner J. M.","year":"1971"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199677481.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_60_1","first-page":"851","article-title":"Barnhemmen och deras klientel","volume":"58","author":"Thysell T.","year":"1948","journal-title":"Sociala Meddelanden"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007087412000349"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119993100"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12453-014-0062-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14616730802503655"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jhbs.20380"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017660"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14616730601149809"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12124-008-9079-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/hop0000127b"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_70_1","volume-title":"John Bowlby: His early life: A biographical journey into the roots of attachment theory","author":"Van Dijken S.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jhbs.21884"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_72_1","unstructured":"Van Rosmalen L. Van der Veer R. &Van der Horst F. C. P.(in press).The nature of love: Harlow Bowlby and Bettelheim on affectionless mothers.History of Psychiatry."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/hop0000015"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226020693.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_75_1","volume-title":"No time to wave goodbye","author":"Wick B.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_76_1","volume-title":"The day they took the children","author":"Wick B.","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_77_1","volume-title":"Constitution","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1946"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_78_1","volume-title":"The lost children: Reconstructing Europe's families after World War II","author":"Zahra T.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_79_1","volume-title":"Barn, barndom och f\u00f6r\u00e4ldraskap","author":"Zetterqvist Nelson K.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00309230.2011.621204"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_81_1","first-page":"327","volume-title":"Conflict, violence and peace","author":"Zetterqvist Nelson K.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_82_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"John Bowlby p\u00e5 bes\u00f6k i 1950\u2010talets Sverige: En udda f\u00e5gel i svensk barnpsykiatri","volume":"24","author":"Zetterqvist Nelson K.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Socialvetenskaplig Tidskrift"}],"container-title":["Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jhbs.22016","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jhbs.22016","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jhbs.22016","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]],"date-time":"2023-09-06T00:55:03Z","timestamp":1693961703000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jhbs.22016"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,19]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jhbs.22016"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jhbs.22016","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-5061","1520-6696"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-5061","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-6696","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-11-19","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}