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French psychiatry defended this interpretation to isolate and treat \u201cspiritual delirium,\u201d which came to have considerable importance in the debates between spiritism and psychiatry. Specifically, <jats:italic>pathologization<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>psychologization<\/jats:italic> became strategies to deal with the disruptive experience of mediumship and the sense of threat from spiritualism. Psychiatrists initiated anti\u2010spiritualist campaigns, inspiring responses from the spiritualist communities and their representatives, along with arguments to refute such diagnostic criteria. The debates between alienists and spiritists are an example of how, the rhetoric of spiritists, physicians, and some philosophers led to hostile positions regarding the designation of limits in the recognition of psychological and religious experiences.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jhbs.70003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T09:55:11Z","timestamp":1732528511000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Degenerateness, Mental Hygiene, and Spiritism: Debates in the Argentine Medical Press (1930\u20131946)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7943-2794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Parra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Humanidades Universidad de San Andr\u00e9s Buenos Aires Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"El Barrio General Paz en el Siglo XX [The General Paz Neighborhood in the 20th Century]","year":"2008","author":"Acevedo J.","key":"e_1_2_9_2_1"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"71","article-title":"Early Studies of Psychic Phenomena: The Contributions of Psychologists and Psychiatrists","volume":"32","author":"Alvarado C.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ciencias de la Conducta"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","first-page":"255","article-title":"Telepathy, Mediumship, and Psychology: Psychical Research at the International Congresses of Psychology, 1889\u20101905","volume":"31","author":"Alvarado C. 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