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In this article, I argue that the history of LD is best understood not through the emergence of a diagnostic label, but through the evolution of its methods of identification. By tracing the rise and decline of the IQ\u2013achievement discrepancy model amid shifting legal, psychometric, and policy contexts, I aim to show how declining faith in IQ tests as measures of\n                    <jats:italic>potential<\/jats:italic>\n                    threatened the credibility of LD as a viable construct for identifyin and treating \u201cunexpected\u201d underachievement. Abandoning discrepancy and embracing more pragmatic approaches like response to intervention (RTI) reflected political compromises as much as discrepancy had represented decades before. But it also represented an effort by experts in the LD field to protect the scientific integrity of LD by more effectively targeting its most recognizable characteristic\u2014the failure to learn in comparison to age\u2010level peers. In the era of standards and accountability, this shift reflected the priorities of education reformers and the legislative impetus of\n                    <jats:italic>No Child Left Behind<\/jats:italic>\n                    . But it also represented a profound reorientation of the measurement of\n                    <jats:italic>unexpected underachievement<\/jats:italic>\n                    . By supplanting an increasingly discredited metric of intellectual potential (IQ), RTI and similar methods helped reinterpret LD as a specifically skills\u2010based construct unrelated to perennially ambiguous notions of intelligence.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jhbs.70058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T20:30:43Z","timestamp":1780691443000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Mismeasure of Learning Disability: The Contentious Career of the \u201cIQ\u2010Achievement\u201d Discrepancy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6012-860X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keith","family":"McNamara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Scholar Silver Spring Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"45 C.F.R. 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