{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T20:29:05Z","timestamp":1783024145313,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769558400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["shmpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Hospital Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prior work has identified disparities in antibiotic use for children in the ambulatory setting, but few studies have explored antibiotic disparities in the inpatient setting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We evaluated the association of both race and ethnicity and Childhood Opportunity Index (COI) with antibiotic utilization for children hospitalized with pneumonia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross\u2010sectional study included children hospitalized with pneumonia at one of 43 hospitals in the Pediatric Health Information System (2022\u20132024). We evaluated the association between race and ethnicity and COI quintiles (very low quintile representing the lowest opportunity neighborhoods) and antibiotic utilization using generalized estimating equations adjusted for confounders. Antibiotic utilization included any antibiotics and among children with antibiotics, use of broad\u2010 versus narrow\u2010spectrum and intravenous versus oral antibiotics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 49,332 children, compared with non\u2010Hispanic White children, we found higher odds of receiving antibiotics among Asian (86% vs. 80%; odds ratio [OR]: 1.45 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.14, 1.84]) and non\u2010Hispanic Black children (83% vs. 80%; OR: 1.59 [1.17, 2.15]). Hispanic children had greater odds receiving broad\u2010 rather than narrow\u2010spectrum antibiotics (52% vs. 46%; OR: 1.30 [1.03, 1.63]). Compared with non\u2010Hispanic White children, all other groups had greater odds of intravenous rather than oral antibiotics. Compared with children in the very high COI quintile, children in the very low COI quintile had greater odds of receiving antibiotics (86% vs. 79%; OR: 1.69 [1.12, 2.55]) and broad\u2010spectrum antibiotics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Children of some minoritized backgrounds and those residing in the lowest opportunity neighborhoods had greater odds of receiving antibiotics, broad\u2010spectrum antibiotics, and intravenous antibiotics for pneumonia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jhm.70251","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T10:53:10Z","timestamp":1769597590000},"page":"749-757","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Differences in antibiotic treatment for children hospitalized with pneumonia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Jillian M.","family":"Cotter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Hospital Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado, Department of Pediatrics University of Colorado Aurora Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7778-5887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathew","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Hospital Association Lenexa Kansas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam L.","family":"Hersh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Shapiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine University of California, San Francisco San Francisco CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan C.","family":"Lipsett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Emergency Medicine Boston Children's Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey S.","family":"Gerber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan D.","family":"Cogen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine University of Washington Seattle Washington USA"},{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Sleep Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital University of Washington Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas V.","family":"Brogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Sleep Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital University of Washington Seattle Washington USA"},{"name":"Division of Critical Care Seattle Children's Hospital Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2968-3007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne J.","family":"Blaschke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine University of Utah Salt Lake City Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilliam","family":"Ambroggio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Hospital Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado, Department of Pediatrics University of Colorado Aurora Colorado USA"},{"name":"Section of Emergency Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado, Department of Pediatrics University of Colorado Aurora Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark I.","family":"Neuman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Emergency Medicine Boston Children's Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts 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