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Respondent driven sampling has been advanced as a method to reach stigmatized and hidden populations for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> testing. We compared strategies to recruit black, substance\u2010using men who have sex with men and transgender women to identify newly diagnosed <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> infection, or those previously diagnosed but not in care.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">STAR<\/jats:styled-content> (Seek, Test, and Retain) study (ClinicalTrials.gov <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NCT<\/jats:styled-content>01790360) used several recruitment strategies to identify black, substance\u2010using men who have sex with men and transgender women with undiagnosed <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> infection or with previously diagnosed <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> infection but who were not in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> care. Respondent\u2010driven sampling, community\u2010based recruitment and online advertising were used to recruit participants. Incentivized peer referral was integrated into all recruitment strategies. Participants completed interviewer\u2010administered questionnaires and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> testing. Demographic and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> risk\u2010related characteristics and recruitment strategy were summarized and stratified by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> status. Associations were tested using Pearson's chi\u2010squared, Fisher's exact, and Wilcoxon rank sum tests. Factors associated with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010positive diagnosis at <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.1 were included in a multivariable logistic regression model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>From July 2012 through October 2015, the study enrolled 1929 participants; 96.3% men who have sex with men and 3.7% transgender women. Behavioural risk factors included recent condomless anal sex (55.6%) and recent substance use during sex (73.1%). <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> prevalence was 8.7%. In multivariable analysis, significant associations with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> infection included being transgender; non\u2010Hispanic black; gay\/homosexual orientation; not homeless; and less likely to have insufficient income for necessities. Among recruitment strategies, respondent driven sampling was least effective in identifying <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010positive participants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Integrating multiple recruitment strategies yielded a large sample of black men who have sex with men and transgender women at substantial risk for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>. Respondent\u2010driven sampling was less effective than other strategies at identifying men who have sex with men and transgender women with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,14]],"date-time":"2018-03-14T09:22:34Z","timestamp":1521019354000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Multiple strategies to identify HIV\u2010positive black men who have sex with men and transgender women in New York City: a cross\u2010sectional analysis of recruitment results"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6329-2301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie","family":"Franks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Harlem Prevention Center ICAP at Columbia University New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sharon B","family":"Mannheimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harlem Prevention Center ICAP at Columbia University New York NY USA"},{"name":"Harlem Hospital Center New York NY USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yael","family":"Hirsch\u2010Moverman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harlem Prevention Center ICAP at Columbia University New York NY USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eleanor","family":"Hayes\u2010Larson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harlem Prevention Center ICAP at Columbia University New York NY USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul W","family":"Colson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harlem Prevention Center ICAP at Columbia University New York NY USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hugo","family":"Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harlem Prevention Center ICAP at Columbia University New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wafaa M","family":"El\u2010Sadr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harlem Prevention Center ICAP at Columbia University New York NY USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1874613601206010098"},{"issue":"37","key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6637a2","article-title":"HIV care outcomes among men who have sex with men with diagnosed HIV infection \u2010 United States, 2015","volume":"66","author":"Singh S","year":"2017","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60821-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-014-0896-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.12.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.01.017","article-title":"Walking the line: stimulant use during sex and HIV risk behavior among Black urban MSM","volume":"2","author":"Mimiaga MJ","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv500","article-title":"Age\u2010specific race and ethnicity disparities in HIV infection and awareness among men who have sex with men\u201020 US cities, 2008\u20132014","volume":"213","author":"Wejnert C","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","unstructured":"HessKL HuX LanskyA MerminJ HallI.Estimating the lifetime risk of a diagnosis of HIV infection in the United States. 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