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We reviewed the strength of the evidence for the influence of HIV<\/jats:styled-content> on HPV<\/jats:styled-content> acquisition and clearance, and the influence of HPV<\/jats:styled-content> on HIV<\/jats:styled-content> acquisition.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>We performed meta\u2010analytic systematic reviews of longitudinal studies of HPV<\/jats:styled-content> incidence and clearance rate by HIV<\/jats:styled-content> status (review 1) and of HIV<\/jats:styled-content> incidence by HPV<\/jats:styled-content> status (review 2). We pooled relative risk (RR<\/jats:styled-content>) estimates across studies using random\u2010effect models. I<\/jats:italic>2<\/jats:sup> statistics and subgroup analyses were used to quantify heterogeneity across estimates and explore the influence of participant and study characteristics including study quality. Publication bias was examined quantitatively with funnel plots and subgroup analysis, as well as qualitatively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results and Discussion<\/jats:title>In review 1, 37 publications (25 independent studies) were included in the meta\u2010analysis. HPV<\/jats:styled-content> incidence (pooled RR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a01.55, 95% CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 1.29 to 1.88; heterosexual males: pooled RR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a01.95, 95% CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 1.62, 2.34; females: pooled RR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a01.63, 95% CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 1.26 to 2.11; men who have sex with men: pooled RR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a01.36, 95% CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 1.01 to 1.82) and high\u2010risk HPV<\/jats:styled-content> incidence (pooled RR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a02.20, 95% CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 1.90 to 2.54) was approximately doubled among people living with HIV<\/jats:styled-content> (PLHIV<\/jats:styled-content>) whereas HPV<\/jats:styled-content> clearance rate (pooled RR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a00.53, 95% CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 0.42 to 0.67) was approximately halved. In review 2, 14 publications (11 independent studies) were included in the meta\u2010analysis. HIV<\/jats:styled-content> incidence was almost doubled (pooled RR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a01.91, 95% CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.38 to 2.65) in the presence of prevalent HPV<\/jats:styled-content> infection. There was more evidence of publication bias in review 2, and somewhat greater risk of confounding in studies included in review 1. There was some evidence that adjustment for key confounders strengthened the associations for review 2. Misclassification bias by HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\/HPV<\/jats:styled-content> exposure status could also have biased estimates toward the null.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>These results provide evidence for synergistic HIV<\/jats:styled-content> and HPV<\/jats:styled-content> interactions of clinical and public health relevance. HPV<\/jats:styled-content> vaccination may directly benefit PLHIV<\/jats:styled-content>, and help control both HPV<\/jats:styled-content> and HIV<\/jats:styled-content> at the population level in high prevalence settings. Our estimates of association are useful for mathematical modelling. Although observational studies can never perfectly control for residual confounding, the evidence presented here lends further support for the presence of biological interactions between HIV<\/jats:styled-content> and HPV<\/jats:styled-content> that have a strong plausibility.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,6]],"date-time":"2018-06-06T14:22:27Z","timestamp":1528294947000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":163,"title":["Evidence of synergistic relationships between HIV<\/scp> and Human Papillomavirus (HPV<\/scp>): systematic reviews and meta\u2010analyses of longitudinal studies of HPV<\/scp> acquisition and clearance by HIV<\/scp> status, and of HIV<\/scp> acquisition by HPV<\/scp> status"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3375-0807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katharine J","family":"Looker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Sciences Bristol Medical School University of Bristol Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9292-5670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minttu M","family":"R\u00f6nn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology Imperial College London London UK"},{"name":"Department of Global Health and Population Harvard T.H Chan School of Public Health Boston USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick M","family":"Brock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Brisson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de recherche du CHU de Qu\u00e9bec\u2010Universit\u00e9 Laval Axe sant\u00e9 des populations et pratiques optimales en sant\u00e9 Qu\u00e9bec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie","family":"Drolet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de recherche du CHU de Qu\u00e9bec\u2010Universit\u00e9 Laval Axe sant\u00e9 des populations et pratiques optimales en sant\u00e9 Qu\u00e9bec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Mayaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie\u2010Claude","family":"Boily","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology Imperial College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer: Fact sheet. 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