{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T11:59:35Z","timestamp":1785326375037,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,22]],"date-time":"2018-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1532217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":21,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000200","name":"United States Agency for International Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000200","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Intern AIDS Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>HIV testing programmes have struggled to reach the most marginalized populations at risk for HIV. Social network methods such as respondent\u2010driven sampling (RDS) and peer\u2010based active case\u2010finding (ACF) may be effective in overcoming barriers to reaching these populations. We compared the client characteristics, proportion testing HIV positive (yield), and number of new cases found through two RDS strategies and an ACF approach to HIV case\u2010finding among people who inject drugs (PWID) in Tajikistan.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Routine programme data from adult PWID recruited to testing under the HIV Flagship Project in Tajikistan were analysed to compare client demographic and clinical characteristics across the three approaches. We also compared the number of previously untested clients, the number of new HIV cases found, and the yield across the case\u2010finding strategies, and evaluated predictors of new HIV diagnosis using fixed\u2010effects logistic regression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>From 24 October 2016 to 30 June 2017, Flagship tested 10,300 PWID for HIV, including 2143 under RDS with unrestricted waves (RDS1, yield: 1.5%), 3517 under restricted RDS (RDS2, yield: 2.6%), and 4640 under ACF (yield: 1.5%). Clients recruited under ACF were similar in age (35.8 vs. 36.8) and gender (91% vs. 90% male) to those recruited through RDS, though ACF clients were more likely to report being a first\u2010time tester (85.1% vs. 68.3%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). After controlling for age, sex, previous testing history and accounting for clustering at the site level, we found that clients tested under both RDS1 (aOR: 1.74, 95% CI: 1.04 to 2.90) and RDS2 (aOR: 1.54, 95% CI: 1.11 to 2.15) had higher odds of testing newly positive for HIV relative to clients recruited through ACF. We did not find significant differences in the odds of new HIV infection between those recruited from RDS1 versus RDS2 (aOR: 1.12, 95% CI: 0.67 to 1.86).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>RDS\u2010based interventions resulted in higher yields and overall case\u2010finding, especially when recruitment was restricted. However, ACF identified a higher proportion of first\u2010time testers. To find at least 90% of PWID living with HIV in Tajikistan, it may be necessary to implement multiple case\u2010finding approaches concurrently to maximize testing coverage.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,23]],"date-time":"2018-07-23T00:56:11Z","timestamp":1532307371000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Social network methods for HIV case\u2010finding among people who inject drugs in Tajikistan"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Maxim","family":"Kan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Monitoring &amp; Evaluation Advisor, Population Services International (PSI)\/Central Asia Almaty Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle B","family":"Garfinkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program Analytics PSI Washington DC 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