{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T16:13:49Z","timestamp":1790007229203,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,26]],"date-time":"2018-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1532563200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":25,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["126275"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["126275"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004828","name":"Grand Challenges Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004828","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Intern AIDS Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>At its basic level, HIV infection requires a replication\u2010competent virus and a susceptible target cell. Elevated levels of vaginal inflammation has been associated with the increased risk of HIV infection as it brings highly activated HIV target cells (CCR5+CD4+ T cells; CCR5+CD4+CD161+ Th17 T cells) to the female genital tract (FGT) where they interact with HIV. Decreased HIV risk has been associated with a phenotype of decreased immune activation, called immune quiescence, described among Kenyan female sex workers who were intensely exposed to HIV yet remain uninfected. Current prevention approaches focus on limiting viral access. We took the novel HIV prevention approach of trying to limit the number of HIV target cells in the genital tract by reducing inflammation using safe, affordable and globally accessible anti\u2010inflammatory drugs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We hypothesized that the daily administration of low doses of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA 81\u00a0mg) or hydroxychloroquine (HCQ 200\u00a0mg) would reduce inflammation thereby decreasing HIV target cells at the FGT. Low\u2010risk HIV seronegative women from Nairobi, Kenya were randomized for six weeks therapy of ASA (n\u00a0=\u00a037) or HCQ (n\u00a0=\u00a039) and tested to determine the impact on their systemic and mucosal immune environment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results showed that HCQ use was associated with a significant reduction in the proportion of systemic T cells that were CCR5+CD4+ (<jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a00.01) and Th17 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.01). In the ASA arm, there was a 35% and 28% decrease in the proportion of genital T cells that were CD4+CCR5+ (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.017) and Th17 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.04) respectively. Proteomic analyses of the cervical lavage showed ASA use was associated with significantly reduced amount of proteins involved in the inflammatory response and cell recruitment at the mucosa, although none of the individual proteins passed multiple comparison correction. These changes were more apparent in women with <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> dominant microbiomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Together, these data indicate that taking low\u2010dose ASA daily was associated with significant reduction in HIV target cells at the FGT. This study provides proof\u2010of\u2010concept for a novel HIV\u2010prevention approach that reducing inflammation using safe, affordable and globally accessible non\u2010steroidal anti\u2010inflammatory agents is associated with significant reduction in the proportion of HIV\u2010target cells at the FGT.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,26]],"date-time":"2018-07-26T10:19:09Z","timestamp":1532600349000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Using safe, affordable and accessible non\u2010steroidal anti\u2010inflammatory drugs to reduce the number of HIV target cells in the blood and at the female genital tract"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Julie","family":"Lajoie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases University of\u00a0Manitoba Winnipeg MB 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