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This includes instances in which no harm was intended, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> transmission did not occur, and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> transmission was extremely unlikely or not possible. This suggests prosecutions are not always guided by the best available scientific and medical evidence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty scientists from regions across the world developed this Expert Consensus Statement to address the use of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> science by the criminal justice system. A detailed analysis of the best available scientific and medical research data on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> transmission, treatment effectiveness and forensic phylogenetic evidence was performed and described so it may be better understood in criminal law contexts. Description of the possibility of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> transmission was limited to acts most often at issue in criminal cases. The possibility of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> transmission during a single, specific act was positioned along a continuum of risk, noting that the possibility of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> transmission varies according to a range of intersecting factors including viral load, condom use, and other risk reduction practices. Current evidence suggests the possibility of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> transmission during a single episode of sex, biting or spitting ranges from no possibility to low possibility. Further research considered the positive health impact of modern antiretroviral therapies that have improved the life expectancy of most people living with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> to a point similar to their <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010negative counterparts, transforming <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> infection into a chronic, manageable health condition. Lastly, consideration of the use of scientific evidence in court found that phylogenetic analysis alone cannot prove beyond reasonable doubt that one person infected another although it can be used to exonerate a defendant.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The application of up\u2010to\u2010date scientific evidence in criminal cases has the potential to limit unjust prosecutions and convictions. The authors recommend that caution be exercised when considering prosecution, and encourage governments and those working in legal and judicial systems to pay close attention to the significant advances in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> science that have occurred over the last three decades to ensure current scientific knowledge informs application of the law in cases related to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,25]],"date-time":"2018-07-25T09:34:13Z","timestamp":1532511253000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Expert consensus statement on the science of <scp>HIV<\/scp> in the context of criminal law"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Fran\u00e7oise","family":"Barr\u00e9\u2010Sinoussi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pasteur Institute Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salim S","family":"Abdool Karim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mailman School of Public Health Columbia University New York NY USA"},{"name":"Centre for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa University of KwaZulu\u2010Natal Durban South Africa"},{"name":"Weill Medical College Cornell University New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Albert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda\u2010Gail","family":"Bekker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Beyrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Center for AIDS Research and Center for Public Health and Human Rights John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Cahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit Juan A. 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