{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:24:13Z","timestamp":1790555053966,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,29]],"date-time":"2019-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548720000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":28,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"International Epidemiology Databases to Evaluate AIDS","award":["U01AI069907"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01AI069907"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001027","name":"Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Intern AIDS Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>Comorbidities including diabetes mellitus (DM<\/jats:styled-content>) among people living with HIV<\/jats:styled-content> (PLHIV<\/jats:styled-content>) are of increasing clinical concerns in combination antiretroviral therapy (cART<\/jats:styled-content>) era. We aimed to determine the incidence and risk factors of new\u2010onset DM<\/jats:styled-content> among PLHIV<\/jats:styled-content> in Asian settings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>PLHIV<\/jats:styled-content> from a regional observational cohort without DM<\/jats:styled-content> prior to antiretroviral therapy (ART<\/jats:styled-content>) initiation were included in the analysis. DM<\/jats:styled-content> was defined as having a fasting blood glucose \u2265126\u00a0mg\/dL<\/jats:styled-content>, glycated haemoglobin \u22656.5%, a two\u2010hour plasma glucose \u2265200\u00a0mg\/dL<\/jats:styled-content>, or a random plasma glucose \u2265200\u00a0mg\/dL<\/jats:styled-content>. A Cox regression model, stratified by site, was used to identify risk factors associated with DM.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results and discussion<\/jats:title>Of the 1927 participants included, 127 were diagnosed with DM<\/jats:styled-content> after ART<\/jats:styled-content> initiation. Median follow\u2010up time from ART<\/jats:styled-content> initiation to DM<\/jats:styled-content> diagnosis was 5.9\u00a0years (interquartile range (IQR<\/jats:styled-content>): 2.8 to 8.9\u00a0years). The crude incidence rate of DM<\/jats:styled-content> was 1.08 per 100 person\u2010years (100\u00a0PYS), 95% confidence interval (CI<\/jats:styled-content>) (0.9 to 1.3). In the multivariate analysis, later years of follow\u2010up (2011 to 2013: HR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a02.34, 95% CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.14 to 4.79, p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.02; and 2014 to 2017: HR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a07.20, 95% CI<\/jats:styled-content> 3.27 to 15.87, p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0<\u00a00.001) compared to <2010, older age (41 to 50\u00a0years: HR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a02.46, 95% CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.39 to 4.36, p<\/jats:italic> \u00a0=\u00a00.002; and >50\u00a0years: HR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a04.19, 95% CI<\/jats:styled-content> 2.12 to 8.28, p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0<\u00a00.001) compared to <30\u00a0years, body mass index (BMI<\/jats:styled-content>) >30\u00a0kg\/m2<\/jats:sup> (HR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a04.3, 95% CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.53 to 12.09, p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.006) compared to BMI<\/jats:styled-content> <18.5\u00a0kg\/m2<\/jats:sup>, and high blood pressure (HR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a02.05, 95% CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.16 to 3.63, p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.013) compared to those without high blood pressure, were associated with developing DM<\/jats:styled-content>. The hazard was reduced for females (HR<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a0=\u00a00.47, 95% CI<\/jats:styled-content> 0.28 to 0.80, p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.006).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>Type 2 DM<\/jats:styled-content> in HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010infected Asians was associated with later years of follow\u2010up, high blood pressure, obesity and older age. This highlights the importance of monitoring and routine screening for non\u2010communicable diseases including DM<\/jats:styled-content> as PLHIV<\/jats:styled-content> age.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,30]],"date-time":"2019-01-30T06:44:13Z","timestamp":1548830653000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Diabetes mellitus burden among people living with HIV<\/scp> from the Asia\u2010Pacific region"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3731-7960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Win M","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV\u2010NAT\/Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Awachana","family":"Jiamsakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Kirby Institute 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