{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T15:24:05Z","timestamp":1789399445118,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]],"date-time":"2019-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":31,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of California Centre for AIDS Research","award":["P30-AI027763."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30-AI027763."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Intern AIDS Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> self\u2010testing is a flexible, accessible and acceptable emerging technology with a particular potential to identify people living with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> who are reluctant to interact with conventional <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> testing approaches. We assessed the acceptability, perceived reliability and challenges associated with distributing <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> self\u2010test (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIVST<\/jats:styled-content>) to young men who have sex with men (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MSM<\/jats:styled-content>) in Uganda.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Between February and May, 2018, we enrolled 74 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MSM<\/jats:styled-content> aged \u226518\u00a0years purposively sampled and verbally consented to participate in six focus group discussions (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FGD<\/jats:styled-content>s) in The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AIDS<\/jats:styled-content> Support Organization (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TASO<\/jats:styled-content> Masaka and Entebbe). We also conducted two <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FGD<\/jats:styled-content>s of 18 health workers. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MSM FGD<\/jats:styled-content> groups included individuals who had; (1) tested greater than one year previously; (2) tested between six months and one year previously; (3) tested three to six months previously; (4) never tested. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FGD<\/jats:styled-content>s examined: (i) the acceptability of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIVST<\/jats:styled-content> distribution; (iii) preferences for various <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIVST<\/jats:styled-content> distribution channels; (iv) perceptions about the accuracy of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIVST<\/jats:styled-content>; (v) challenges associated with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIVST<\/jats:styled-content> distribution. We identified major themes, developed and refined a codebook. We used Nvivo version 11 for data management.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MSM<\/jats:styled-content> participants age ranged between 19 and 30\u00a0years. Participants described <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIVST<\/jats:styled-content> as a mechanism that would facilitate <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> testing uptake in a rapid, efficient, confidential, non\u2010painful; and non\u2010stigmatizing manner. Overall, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MSM<\/jats:styled-content> preferred <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIVST<\/jats:styled-content> to the conventional <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> testing approaches. Health workers were in support of distributing <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIVST<\/jats:styled-content> kits through <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MSM<\/jats:styled-content> peers. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MSM<\/jats:styled-content> participants were willing to distribute the kits and recommended <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIVST<\/jats:styled-content> to their peers and sexual partners. They suggested <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIVST<\/jats:styled-content> kit distribution model work similarly to the current condom and lubricant peer model being implemented by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TASO<\/jats:styled-content>. Preferred channels were peers, hot spots, drop\u2010in centres, private pharmacies and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MSM<\/jats:styled-content> friendly health facilities. Key concerns regarding use of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIVST<\/jats:styled-content> were; unreliable <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIVST<\/jats:styled-content> results, social harm due to a positive result, need for a confirmatory test and linking both <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> positive and negative participants for additional <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> services.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Distribution of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIVST<\/jats:styled-content> kits by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MSM<\/jats:styled-content> peers is an acceptable strategy that can promote access to testing. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIVST<\/jats:styled-content> was perceived by participants as beneficial because it would address many barriers that affect their acceptance of testing. However, a combined approach that includes follow\u2010up, linkage to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> care and prevention services are needed for effective results.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25269","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]],"date-time":"2019-04-01T06:35:31Z","timestamp":1554100531000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Acceptability, perceived reliability and challenges associated with distributing <scp>HIV<\/scp> self\u2010test kits to young <scp>MSM<\/scp> in Uganda: a\u00a0qualitative study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8738-0397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen","family":"Okoboi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases institute College of Health Sciences School of Medicine Makerere University Kampala Uganda"},{"name":"Clarke International University Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adelline","family":"Twimukye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases institute College of Health Sciences School of Medicine Makerere University Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oucul","family":"Lazarus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The AIDS Support Organization (TASO) Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Castelnuovo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases institute College of Health Sciences School of Medicine Makerere University Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Collins","family":"Agaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The AIDS Support Organization (TASO) Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muloni","family":"Immaculate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The AIDS Support Organization (TASO) Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mastula","family":"Nanfuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The AIDS Support Organization (TASO) Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Kambugu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases institute College of Health Sciences School of Medicine Makerere University Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Global Health Sciences San Francisco CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","unstructured":"UNAIDS Global AIDS updates report.Miles to go closing gaps breaking barriers rights injustice. 2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","unstructured":"The UNAIDS gap report.2013 and 2014. 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