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Screening for\n CVD<\/jats:styled-content>\n risk factors is recommended but not routine in South African\n HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n clinics. We sought to describe the prevalence of\n CVD<\/jats:styled-content>\n risk factors among antiretroviral treatment (\n ART<\/jats:styled-content>\n )\u2010experienced patients in South Africa.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n We performed a prospective, observational cross\u2010sectional study of\n PWH<\/jats:styled-content>\n (>21\u00a0years, excluding pregnant women) on\n ART<\/jats:styled-content>\n in South Africa. We interviewed patients regarding\n CVD<\/jats:styled-content>\n risk factors, and obtained two blood pressure (\n BP<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) measurements and random\/fasting glucose via a point\u2010of\u2010care glucometer. Standardized chart reviews provided individuals'\n HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010specific data. We defined hypertension as: self\u2010reported use of antihypertensives or mean systolic\n BP<\/jats:styled-content>\n (\n SBP<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) \u2265140\u00a0mmHg or diastolic\n BP<\/jats:styled-content>\n (\n DBP<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) \u226590\u00a0mmHg (Stage 1) or\n SBP<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2265160\u00a0mmHg or\n DBP<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2265100\u00a0mmHg (Stage 2). We defined diabetes as self\u2010reported use of insulin\/oral hypoglycaemics or fasting (random) glucose \u22657.0 (\u226511.1) mmol. We obtained risk ratios (\n RR<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) for hypertension from a multivariable log\u2010binomial regression model, adjusting for age, sex and diabetes.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n From March 2015 to February 2016, 458 participants enrolled with median age 38\u00a0years (interquartile range (\n IQR<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) 33 to 44\u00a0years) and median\n CD<\/jats:styled-content>\n 4 466\/\u03bcL (\n IQR<\/jats:styled-content>\n 317 to 638\/\u03bcL); 78% were women. Participants were on\n ART<\/jats:styled-content>\n for a median of four years, with 33% on\n ART<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u22656\u00a0years. Almost a quarter (106\/458) met the study definition for hypertension, of whom 45\/106 (42%) were previously diagnosed, 23\/45 (51%) were on medication and 4\/23 (17%) were controlled. Eight participants had asymptomatic hypertensive urgency (\n BP<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2265180\/110\u00a0mmHg). Of the 458 participants, 26 (6%) met the study definition for diabetes, half of whom (13\/26) were already diagnosed; 11\/13 (85%) were on treatment, of whom 4\/11 (36%) had normal glucose. Age was the only significant predictor of hypertension (\n RR<\/jats:styled-content>\n , 1.04; 95%\n CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n , 1.03 to 1.06,\n p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n <\u00a00.0001) in the multivariable model.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n Hypertension and diabetes were prevalent among\n PWH<\/jats:styled-content>\n prescribed\n ART<\/jats:styled-content>\n in South Africa with less than half diagnosed, and still fewer treated and controlled. Hypertension was independently associated with age but not with\n HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010specific factors. Screening for and treatment of\n CVD<\/jats:styled-content>\n risk factors could decrease future morbidity and mortality, especially as this population ages.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25274","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,16]],"date-time":"2019-04-16T07:26:45Z","timestamp":1555399605000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Cardiovascular risk factors among ART\u2010experienced people with HIV in South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8721-106X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily P","family":"Hyle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Practice Evaluation Center Massachusetts General Hospital Boston MA USA"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases Massachusetts General Hospital Boston MA USA"},{"name":"Harvard University Center for AIDS Research (CFAR) Boston MA USA"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda\u2010Gail","family":"Bekker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Desmond Tutu HIV Centre Institute of Infectious Disease & Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine Faculty of Health Sciences University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily B","family":"Martey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Practice Evaluation Center Massachusetts General Hospital Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingshu","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Practice Evaluation Center Massachusetts General Hospital Boston MA USA"},{"name":"Biostatistics Center Massachusetts General Hospital Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ai","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics Center Massachusetts General Hospital Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert A","family":"Parker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Practice Evaluation Center Massachusetts General Hospital Boston MA USA"},{"name":"Harvard University Center for AIDS Research (CFAR) Boston MA USA"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA"},{"name":"Biostatistics Center Massachusetts General Hospital Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rochelle P","family":"Walensky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Practice Evaluation Center Massachusetts General Hospital Boston MA USA"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases Massachusetts General Hospital Boston MA USA"},{"name":"Harvard University Center for AIDS Research (CFAR) Boston MA USA"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keren","family":"Middelkoop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Desmond Tutu HIV Centre Institute of Infectious Disease & Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine Faculty of Health Sciences University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","unstructured":"UNAIDS.Number of people living with HIV[Internet].2017[cited 2019 Feb 1]. 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