{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:07:20Z","timestamp":1787069240759,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,9]],"date-time":"2019-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1562630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000200","name":"United States Agency for International Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AID\u2010OAA\u2010A\u201014\u201000045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AID\u2010OAA\u2010A\u201014\u201000045"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000200","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Intern AIDS Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Introduction<\/jats:title>\n \n Despite the higher risk of\n HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n among female sex workers (\n FSW<\/jats:styled-content>\n s), men who have sex with men (\n MSM<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) and transgender women (\n TGW<\/jats:styled-content>\n ), these populations are under\u2010represented in the literature on\n HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n in Haiti. Here, we present the first nationally representative estimates of\n HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n prevalence and the first care and treatment cascade for\n FSW<\/jats:styled-content>\n s,\n MSM<\/jats:styled-content>\n and\n TGW<\/jats:styled-content>\n in Haiti. We also examine the social determinants of\n HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n prevalence in these groups and estimate\n FSW<\/jats:styled-content>\n and\n MSM<\/jats:styled-content>\n population size in Haiti.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Data were collected between April 2016 and February 2017 throughout the 10 geographical departments of Haiti. The Priorities for Local\n AIDS<\/jats:styled-content>\n Control Efforts (\n PLACE<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) method was used to: (1) recruit participants for a behavioural survey; (2) provide rapid testing, counselling and linkage to care for syphilis and\n HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n ; and (3) measure viral load using dried blood spots for participants testing\n HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n positive.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Study participants included 990\n FSW<\/jats:styled-content>\n s, 520\n MSM<\/jats:styled-content>\n and 109\n TGW<\/jats:styled-content>\n .\n HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n prevalence was estimated at 7.7% (95%\n CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n 6.2%, 9.6%) among\n FSW<\/jats:styled-content>\n s, 2.2% (0.9%, 5.3%) among\n MSM<\/jats:styled-content>\n and 27.6% (5.0%, 73.5%) among\n TGW<\/jats:styled-content>\n . Of participants who tested positive for syphilis, 17% of\n FSW<\/jats:styled-content>\n s, 19% of\n MSM<\/jats:styled-content>\n and 74% of\n TGW<\/jats:styled-content>\n were co\u2010infected with\n HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n . Economic instability and intimate partner violence (\n IPV<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) were significantly associated with\n HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n among\n MSM<\/jats:styled-content>\n ; food insecurity, economic instability and history of rape were significantly associated with\n HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n among\n TGW<\/jats:styled-content>\n . Fewer than one\u2010third of participants living with\n HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n knew their status, and more than a quarter of those who knew their status were not on treatment. While approximately four in five\n FSW<\/jats:styled-content>\n and\n MSM<\/jats:styled-content>\n participants on treatment for\n HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n were virally suppressed, viral suppression was less common among\n TGW<\/jats:styled-content>\n participants at only 46%.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n This study demonstrates a need for targeted interventions to prevent and treat\n HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n among key populations in Haiti. Potential high\u2010impact interventions may include venue\u2010based, peer navigator\u2010led outreach and testing for\n HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n and syphilis and improving screening and case management for structural violence and\n IPV<\/jats:styled-content>\n .\n TGW<\/jats:styled-content>\n are in urgent need of such interventions due to our observations of alarmingly high\n HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n prevalence and low frequency of\n HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n viral suppression among\n TGW<\/jats:styled-content>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25281","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,9]],"date-time":"2019-07-09T11:01:19Z","timestamp":1562670079000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["The burden of\n HIV<\/scp>\n among female sex workers, men who have sex with men and transgender women in Haiti: results from the 2016 Priorities for Local\n AIDS<\/scp>\n Control Efforts (\n PLACE<\/scp>\n ) study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7665-2230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren C","family":"Zalla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC USA"},{"name":"Carolina Population Center University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3629-3867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael E","family":"Herce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases Department of Medicine University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1741-335X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessie K","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3641-0218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob","family":"Michel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FHI 360 Port\u2010au\u2010Prince Haiti"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6014-1460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharon S","family":"Weir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC USA"},{"name":"Carolina Population Center University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/hiv.10.6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","unstructured":"Institut Ha\u00eftien de l'Enfance (IHE) and ICF.2017.Enqu\u00eate Mortalit\u00e9 Morbidit\u00e9 et Utilisation des Services Ha\u00efti 2016\u20102017: indicateurs Cl\u00e9s.Rockville Maryland and P\u00e9tionVille Haiti:IHE et ICF."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","unstructured":"Pan Caribbean Partnership against HIV and AIDS (PANCAP).Caribbean Regional Strategic Framework on HIV and AIDS 2014\u20102016. 2014. 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