{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T20:57:21Z","timestamp":1780088241055,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,23]],"date-time":"2019-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01MH105134\u201001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01MH105134\u201001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1U01CA200441\u201001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1U01CA200441\u201001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5UM1AI126603"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5UM1AI126603"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007921","name":"University of Pittsburgh","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007921","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U19 AI53217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19 AI53217"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Intern AIDS Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>There is limited data in children on whether persistence of HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 infected cells is affected by age at initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART<\/jats:styled-content>), its duration or any subsequent ART<\/jats:styled-content> interruption. We therefore investigated the effects of both age of ART<\/jats:styled-content> initiation and duration of ART<\/jats:styled-content> interruption on HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 DNA<\/jats:styled-content> decay in children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>We investigated HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 DNA<\/jats:styled-content> decay in three groups of children on ART<\/jats:styled-content>: Group\u2010<\/jats:bold>1 (n\u00a0=\u00a07) started uninterrupted ART<\/jats:styled-content> within eight days of life; Group\u20102 (n\u00a0=\u00a08) started uninterrupted ART<\/jats:styled-content> at a median of five months of age; and Group\u20103 (n\u00a0=\u00a023) started ART<\/jats:styled-content> at a median age of 1.8\u00a0months for either 40 or 96\u00a0weeks, then interrupted ART<\/jats:styled-content> (median of seven months), and restarted ART<\/jats:styled-content> based on CD<\/jats:styled-content>4 count and clinical criteria. Total HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 DNA<\/jats:styled-content> was assayed using a sensitive HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 subtype C\u2010adapted quantitative PCR<\/jats:styled-content> for integrase<\/jats:italic>. The duration of ART<\/jats:styled-content> was square root transformed to fit the observed slowing of HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 DNA<\/jats:styled-content> decay rate. For each group, point estimates for decay rates were determined after six months of continuous suppressive ART<\/jats:styled-content> in groups 1 and 2 or six months after restarting ART<\/jats:styled-content> in Group\u20103. Groups\u20102 and 3 were combined using a mixed effect regression model to investigate covariates of HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 DNA<\/jats:styled-content> decay rate.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results and Discussion<\/jats:title>At six months of continuous suppressive ART<\/jats:styled-content>, the HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 DNA<\/jats:styled-content> t\u00bd (95% CI<\/jats:styled-content>) was shorter in Group\u20101 (n\u00a0=\u00a07): 2.7\u00a0months (2.1 to 3.8), than 9.2\u00a0months (7.4 to 12.1) in Group\u20102 (n\u00a0=\u00a08); and 9.6\u00a0months (7.6 to 12.6) in Group\u20103 (n\u00a0=\u00a023) (p\u00a0<\/jats:italic><\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.01). In multivariable analyses, HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 DNA<\/jats:styled-content> before treatment (p\u00a0<\/jats:italic><\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.001) and the change in HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 DNA<\/jats:styled-content> during interruption (p\u00a0<\/jats:italic><\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.01) were independent predictors of slower HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 DNA<\/jats:styled-content> decay.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>These data suggest that ART<\/jats:styled-content> initiation within the first week of life can reduce the persistence of long\u2010lived infected cells. Delaying ART<\/jats:styled-content> is associated with slower decay of infected cells.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,23]],"date-time":"2019-08-23T07:54:53Z","timestamp":1566546893000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["HIV<\/scp>\u20101 DNA<\/scp> decay is faster in children who initiate ART<\/scp> shortly after birth than later"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6796-1787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirsten A","family":"Veldsman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Virology Stellenbosch University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Janse van Rensburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Pediatrics and Child Health Tygerberg Children's Hospital and Family Clinical Research Unit Stellenbosch University Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahieda","family":"Isaacs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Virology Stellenbosch University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shalena","family":"Naidoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Virology Stellenbosch University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7260-7723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Laughton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Pediatrics and Child Health Tygerberg Children's Hospital and Family Clinical Research Unit Stellenbosch University Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl","family":"Lombard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department of Global Health Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Stellenbosch University Cape Town South Africa"},{"name":"Biostatistics Unit South African Medical Research Council Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark F","family":"Cotton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Pediatrics and Child Health Tygerberg Children's Hospital and Family Clinical Research Unit Stellenbosch University Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John W","family":"Mellors","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases Department of Medicine University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3021-5101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gert U","family":"van Zyl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Virology Stellenbosch University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Cape Town South Africa"},{"name":"National Health Laboratory Service Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.07.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000178"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1413931"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002417"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1406663111"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003211"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001382"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08311-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(15)00232-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195514"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006792"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0800971"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Early time\u2010limited antiretroviral therapy versus deferred therapy in South African infants infected with HIV : results from the children with HIV early antiretroviral (CHER) randomised trial","volume":"6736","author":"Cotton MF","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e318290622e"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32831c54bd"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001739","article-title":"Rapid decline of HIV\u20101 DNA and RNA in infants starting very early antiretroviral therapy may pose a diagnostic challenge","volume":"32","author":"Veldsman KA","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","unstructured":"VeldsmanK MaritzJ IsaacsS KatusiimeMG laGrangeH vanRensburgA et\u00a0al.Rapid decline of total HIV DNA in children starting ART within 8\u00a0days of birth. In: CROI 2017 Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections February 13\u201016. Seattle WA;2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02904-15"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu827"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","volume-title":"R: a language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12225","article-title":"Extension of Nakagawa & Schielzeth's R \n 2 \n GLMM to random slopes models","volume":"5","author":"Johnson PCD","journal-title":"Methods Ecol Evol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1522675113"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ456"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0154391"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu297"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001565"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001789"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006478"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit272"}],"container-title":["Journal of the International AIDS Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jia2.25368","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jia2.25368","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jia2.25368","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]],"date-time":"2023-09-08T22:55:57Z","timestamp":1694213757000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jia2.25368"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jia2.25368"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jia2.25368","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1758-2652","1758-2652"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1758-2652","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-2652","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-02-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-07-15","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-08-23","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e25368"}}