{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T23:26:04Z","timestamp":1793229964635,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,23]],"date-time":"2020-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004417","name":"Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004417","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000200","name":"United States Agency for International Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000200","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Intern AIDS Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Stigma undermines all aspects of a comprehensive HIV response, as reflected in recent global initiatives for stigma\u2010reduction. Yet a commensurate response to systematically tackle stigma within country responses has not yet occurred, which may be due to the lack of sufficient evidence documenting evaluated stigma\u2010reduction interventions. With stigma present in all life spheres, health facilities offer a logical starting point for developing and expanding stigma reduction interventions. This study evaluates the impact of a \u201ctotal facility\u201d stigma\u2010reduction intervention on the drivers and manifestations of stigma and discrimination among health facility staff in Ghana.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We evaluated the impact of a total facility stigma\u2010reduction intervention by comparing five intervention to five comparable non\u2010intervention health facilities in Ghana. Interventions began in September 2017. Data collection was in June 2017 and April 2018. The primary outcomes were composite indicators for three stigma drivers, self\u2010reported stigmatizing avoidance behaviour, and observed discrimination. The principal intervention variable was whether the respondent worked at an intervention or comparison facility. We estimated intervention effects as differences\u2010in\u2010differences in each outcome, further adjusted using inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We observed favourable intervention effects for all outcome domains except for stigmatizing attitudes. Preferring not to provide services to people living with HIV (PLHIV) or a key population member improved 11.1% more in intervention than comparison facility respondents (95% CI 3.2 to 19.0). Other significant improvements included knowledge of policies to protect against discrimination (difference\u2010in\u2010differences\u00a0=\u00a020.4%; 95% CI 12.7 to 28.0); belief that discrimination would be punished (11.2%; 95% CI 0.2 to 22.3); and knowledge of and belief in the adequacy of infection control policies (17.6%; 95% CI 8.3 to 26.9). Reported observation of stigma and discrimination incidents fell by 7.4 percentage points more among intervention than comparison facility respondents, though only marginally significant in the IPTW\u2010adjusted model (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.06). Respondents at intervention facilities were 19.0% (95% CI 12.2 to 25.8) more likely to report that staff behaviour towards PLHIV had improved over the last year than those at comparison facilities.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results provide a foundation for scaling up health facility stigma\u2010reduction within national HIV responses, though they should be accompanied by rigorous implementation science to ensure ongoing learning and adaptation for maximum effectiveness and long\u2010term impact.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25483","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,24]],"date-time":"2020-04-24T00:10:50Z","timestamp":1587687050000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Results from a difference\u2010in\u2010differences evaluation of health facility HIV and key population stigma\u2010reduction interventions in Ghana"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8067-4192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Nyblade","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health Division Research Triangle Institute (RTI) International Washington DC USA"},{"name":"Research Triangle Institute (RTI) International Research Triangle Park NC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nii A","family":"Addo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Educational Assessment Research Centre (EARC) Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyeremeh","family":"Atuahene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghana AIDS Commission Accra 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