{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T12:23:05Z","timestamp":1789820585473,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]],"date-time":"2020-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586908800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Intern AIDS Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Several antiretroviral drugs are being considered for the treatment of COVID\u201019, the disease caused by a newly identified coronavirus, (SARS\u2010CoV\u20102). We systematically reviewed the clinical outcomes of using antiretroviral drugs for the prevention and treatment of coronaviruses and planned clinical trials.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Three databases were screened from inception to 30 March 2020 for studies reporting clinical outcomes of patients with SARS, MERS or COVID\u201019 treated with antiretrovirals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From an initial screen of 433 titles, two randomized trials and 24 observational studies provided clinical outcome data on the use of antiretroviral drugs; most studies reported outcomes using LPV\/r as treatment. Of the 21 observational studies reporting treatment outcomes, there were three studies among patients with SARS, six studies among patients with MERS and 12 studies among patients with COVID\u201019. In one randomized trial 99 patients with severe COVID\u201019 illness were randomized to receive LPV\/r (400\/100\u00a0mg twice a day) and 100 patients to standard of care for 14\u00a0days: LPV\/r was not associated with a statistically significant difference in time to clinical improvement, although LPV\/r given within 12\u00a0days of symptoms was associated with shorter time to clinical improvement; 28\u00a0day mortality was numerically lower in the LPV\/r group (14\/99) compared to the control group (25\/100), but this difference was not statistically significant. The second trial found no benefit. The certainty of the evidence for the randomized trials was low. In the observational studies 3 out of 361 patients who received LPV\/r died; the certainty of evidence was very low. Three studies reported a possible protective effect of LPV\/r as post\u2010exposure prophylaxis. Again, the certainty of the evidence was very low due to uncertainty due to limited sample size.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>On the basis of the available evidence it is uncertain whether LPV\/r and other antiretrovirals improve clinical outcomes or prevent infection among patients at high risk of acquiring COVID\u201019.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25489","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,27]],"date-time":"2020-03-27T00:09:54Z","timestamp":1585267794000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":113,"title":["Systematic review of the efficacy and safety of antiretroviral drugs against SARS, MERS or COVID\u201019: initial 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