{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T18:36:40Z","timestamp":1789151800498,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,25]],"date-time":"2020-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":24,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007813","name":"Center for AIDS Research, University of Washington","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 AI027757"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 AI027757"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007813","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21 Al122867"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 Al122867"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R37 AI38518"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R37 AI38518"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Intern AIDS Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Globally, schistosomes infect approximately 200\u00a0million people, with 90% of infections in sub\u2010Saharan Africa. Schistosomiasis is hypothesized to increase HIV\u20101 acquisition risk, and multiple cross\u2010sectional studies reported strong associations. We evaluated this hypothesis within four large prospective cohorts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted nested case\u2010control analyses within three longitudinal cohorts of heterosexual HIV\u20101 serodiscordant couples and one female sex worker (FSW) cohort from Kenya and Uganda. The serodiscordant couples studies were conducted between 2004 and 2012 while the FSW cohort analysis included participant follow\u2010up from 1993 to 2014. Cases HIV\u20101 seroconverted during prospective follow\u2010up; three controls were selected per case. The presence of circulating anodic antigen in archived serum, collected prior to HIV\u20101 seroconversion, identified participants with active schistosomiasis; immunoblots determined the schistosome species. Data from serodiscordant couples cohorts were pooled, while the FSW cohort was analysed separately to permit appropriate confounder adjustment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We included 245 HIV\u20101 seroconverters and 713 controls from the serodiscordant couples cohorts and 330 HIV\u20101 seroconverters and 962 controls from the FSW cohort. The prevalence of active schistosomiasis was 20% among serodiscordant couples and 22% among FSWs. We found no association between schistosomiasis and HIV\u20101 acquisition risk among males (adjusted odds ratio (aOR)\u00a0=\u00a00.99, 95% CI 0.59 to 1.67) or females (aOR\u00a0=\u00a01.21, 95% CI 0.64 to 2.30) in serodiscordant couples. Similarly, in the FSW cohort we detected no association (adjusted incidence rate ratio (aIRR)\u00a0=\u00a01.11, 95% CI 0.83 to 1.50). Exploring schistosome species\u2010specific effects, there was no statistically significant association between HIV\u20101 acquisition risk and<jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>(serodiscordant couples: aOR\u00a0=\u00a00.90, 95% CI 0.56 to 1.44; FSW: aIRR\u00a0=\u00a00.83, 95% CI 0.53 to 1.20) or<jats:italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/jats:italic>(serodiscordant couples: aOR\u00a0=\u00a01.06, 95% CI 0.46 to 2.40; FSW: aIRR\u00a0=\u00a01.64, 95% CI 0.93 to 2.87) infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Schistosomiasis was not a strong risk factor for HIV\u20101 acquisition in these four prospective studies.<jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>was responsible for the majority of schistosomiasis in these cohorts, and our results do not support the hypothesis that<jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>infection is associated with increased HIV\u20101 acquisition risk.<jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic>infection was associated with a point estimate of elevated HIV\u20101 risk in the FSW cohort that was not statistically significant, and there was no trend towards a positive association in the serodiscordant couples cohorts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25534","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,25]],"date-time":"2020-06-25T18:22:56Z","timestamp":1593109376000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Associations between schistosomiasis and HIV\u20101 acquisition risk in four prospective cohorts: a nested case\u2010control analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8348-3375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aaron F","family":"Bochner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology University of Washington Seattle WA USA"},{"name":"Department of Global Health University of Washington Seattle WA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8242-8438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jared M","family":"Baeten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology University of Washington Seattle WA USA"},{"name":"Department of Global Health University of Washington Seattle WA USA"},{"name":"School of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0584-5961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"W Evan","family":"Secor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria Center for Global Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta GA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Govert J","family":"van Dam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam A","family":"Szpiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics University of Washington Seattle WA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sammy M","family":"Njenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul L A M","family":"Corstjens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Chemical Biology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Austin","family":"Newsam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria Center for Global Health Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta GA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nelly R","family":"Mugo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health University of Washington Seattle WA USA"},{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8813-3419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Connie","family":"Celum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology University of Washington Seattle WA USA"},{"name":"Department of Global Health University of Washington Seattle WA USA"},{"name":"School of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Mujugira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Institute College of Health Sciences Makerere University Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R Scott","family":"McClelland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology University of Washington Seattle WA USA"},{"name":"Department of Global Health University of Washington Seattle WA USA"},{"name":"School of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1793-6003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruanne V","family":"Barnabas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology University of Washington Seattle WA USA"},{"name":"Department of Global Health University of Washington Seattle WA USA"},{"name":"School of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32154-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Schistosomiasis Fact Sheet.World Health Organization;2018. Available from:http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs115\/en\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","unstructured":"Global Atlas of Helminth Infections.Global Burden: London Applied and Spatial Epidemiology Reseach Group London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.2018. Available from:http:\/\/www.thiswormyworld.org\/worms\/global\u2010burden"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61949-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0585"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000210614.45212.0a"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.12-0395"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP1783"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005968"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12531"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31252-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006902"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12545"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1994.50.281"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1975.24.284"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","volume-title":"Report of an informal working group meeting on urogenital schistosomiasis and HIV transmission","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.11-0135"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001396"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001170"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.11.6668-6671.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/clim.2001.5040"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.1996.d01-612.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(95)80119-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32830a506e"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40794-019-0097-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09900-9"},{"issue":"425","key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aam6354","article-title":"Integrin alpha4beta7 expression on peripheral blood CD4(+) T cells predicts HIV acquisition and disease progression outcomes","volume":"10","author":"Sivro A","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0904849"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70247-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1108524"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","first-page":"S235","article-title":"Preparation for AIDS vaccine evaluation in Mombasa, Kenya: establishment of seronegative cohorts of commercial sex workers and trucking company employees","volume":"10","author":"Martin HL","year":"1994","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/380974"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/313718"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu621"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/ss\/1032209663"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","volume-title":"Modern epidemiology","author":"Rothman KJ","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001815"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182014000626"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(89)90507-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08820139709048925"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-017-0368-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","unstructured":"MontresorA CromptonDWT HallA BundyDAP SavioliL.Guidelines for the evaluation of soil\u2010transmitted helminthiasis and schistosomiasis at community level : a guide for managers of control programmes.1998[cited 2016 Feb 14]. Available from:http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/63821\/1\/WHO_CTD_SIP_98.1.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001778"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000534"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12154"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/428907"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-014-0587-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.2000.11813523"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0897","article-title":"Schistosomiasis and human immunodeficiency virus in men in Tanzania","volume":"96","author":"Downs JA","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.72.311"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(97)90504-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(83)92641-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70521-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Current estimated total number of individuals with morbidity and mortality due to Schistosomiasis Haematobium and S. Mansoni infection in Sub\u2010Saharan Africa.World Health Organization;2018. Available from:http:\/\/www.who.int\/schistosomiasis\/epidemiology\/table\/en\/"}],"container-title":["Journal of the International AIDS Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fjia2.25534","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jia2.25534","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jia2.25534","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jia2.25534","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]],"date-time":"2024-08-08T12:29:12Z","timestamp":1723120152000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jia2.25534"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jia2.25534"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jia2.25534","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1758-2652","1758-2652"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1758-2652","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-2652","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-10-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-05-04","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-06-25","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e25534"}}