{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T16:55:44Z","timestamp":1792083344005,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]],"date-time":"2020-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":25,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R34MH119963"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R34MH119963"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006492","name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K24AI143471"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K24AI143471"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006492","name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R34MH121251"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R34MH121251"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006492","name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R34MH119963"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R34MH119963"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Intern AIDS Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nearly 40\u00a0years into the HIV epidemic, the persistence of HIV stigma is a matter of grave urgency. Discrimination (i.e. enacted stigma) in healthcare settings is particularly problematic as it deprives people of critical healthcare services while also discouraging preventive care seeking by confirming fears of anticipated stigma. We review existing research on the effectiveness of stigma interventions in healthcare settings of low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries (LMIC), where stigma control efforts are often further complicated by heavy HIV burdens, less developed healthcare systems, and the layering of HIV stigma with discrimination towards other marginalized identities. This review describes progress in this field to date and identifies research gaps to guide future directions for research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a scoping review of HIV reduction interventions in LMIC healthcare settings using Embase, Ovid MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Scopus (through March 5, 2020). Information regarding study design, stigma measurement techniques, intervention features and study findings were extracted. We also assessed methodological rigor using the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist for systematic reviews.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results and discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our search identified 8766 studies, of which 19 were included in the final analysis. All but one study reported reductions in stigma following the intervention. The studies demonstrated broad regional distribution across LMIC and many employed designs that made use of a control condition. However, these strengths masked key shortcomings including a dearth of research from the lowest income category of LMIC and a lack of interventions to address institutional or structural determinants of stigma. Lastly, despite the fact that most stigma measures were based on existing instruments, only three studies described steps taken to validate or adapt the stigma measures to local settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Combating healthcare stigma in LMIC demands interventions that can simultaneously address resource constraints, high HIV burden and more severe stigma. Our findings suggest that this will require more objective, reliable and culturally adaptable stigma measures to facilitate meaningful programme evaluation and comparison across studies. All but one study concluded that their interventions were effective in reducing healthcare stigma. Though encouraging, the fact that most studies measured impact using self\u2010reported measures suggests that social desirability may bias results upwards. Homogeneity of study results also hindered our ability to draw substantive conclusions about potential best practices to guide the design of future stigma reduction programmes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25553","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]],"date-time":"2020-08-26T17:04:55Z","timestamp":1598461495000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Combating HIV stigma in low\u2010 and middle\u2010income healthcare settings: a scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5861-8100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Kumi","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology &amp; Community Health University of Minnesota Twin Cities Minneapolis MN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richie H.","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology &amp; Community Health University of Minnesota Twin Cities Minneapolis MN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4131-7333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shanda L.","family":"Hunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Libraries University of Minnesota Twin Cities Minneapolis MN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4424-5523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chongyi","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Behavior, Society and Policy Rutgers University New Brunswick NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2804-1181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph D.","family":"Tucker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases School of Medicine University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC USA"},{"name":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiming","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases School of Medicine University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danyang","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Zhitong LGBT Center Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9683-5541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies Stanford University Stanford CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8000-9969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Hospital of Southern Medical University Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4027-1580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ligang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Hospital of Southern Medical University Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7155-6079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Hospital of Southern Medical University Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3402-142X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology University of California Los Angeles CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"Benny L.","family":"Joyner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine School of Medicine University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9508-247X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sean Y.","family":"Sylvia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Policy &amp; Management University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1105243"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30418-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1011205"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","first-page":"127","article-title":"Safety and tolerability: current challenges to antiretroviral therapy for the long\u2010term management of HIV infection","volume":"18","author":"Troya J","journal-title":"AIDS Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Stigma: notes on the management of spoiled identity","author":"Goffman E","year":"1963"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13548500600595178"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2013.0245"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000815"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e318294de80"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e31817749dc"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120802511877"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-009-1068-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2524.2008.00820.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2224-3151.115829"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-014-0142-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2011.0174"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120500119874"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","first-page":"275","article-title":"Prevalence and associated factors of enacted, internalized and anticipated stigma among people living with HIV in South Africa: Results of the first national survey","volume":"11","author":"Peltzer K","year":"2019","journal-title":"HIV\/AIDS"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jana.2015.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","unstructured":"United Nations.Transforming our World: The 2030 agenda for sustainable development.2015[cited 2019 Jun 23]. Available from:https:\/\/sustainabledevelopment.un.org\/post2015\/transformingourworld\/publication"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021144511957"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-009-9593-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-013-0649-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68184-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-010-9847-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/aeap.15.1.49.23844"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2017.06.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.16.3.18734"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-018-0611-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000267"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a007187"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13548500701687171"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-007-9340-6"},{"issue":"9839","key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","first-page":"24","article-title":"Homophobia as a barrier to HIV prevention service access for young men who have sex with men","volume":"57","author":"Arreola S","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60931-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-010-0043-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","unstructured":"World bank country and lending groups[Internet].2019[cited 2018 Jul 9]. Available from:https:\/\/datahelpdesk.worldbank.org\/knowledgebase\/articles\/906519\u2010world\u2010bank\u2010country\u2010and\u2010lending\u2010groups"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","unstructured":"Developing\/low\u2010middle income countries searches[Internet].Chapel Hill NC;2016. [cited 2018 Jul 9]. Available from:https:\/\/guides.lib.unc.edu\/c.php?g=8369&p=784120"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-019-1188-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-2652-12-15"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","volume-title":"Joanna briggs institute reviewer\u2019s manual","author":"Tufanaru C","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2016.09.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/ijnes-2012-0036"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1547-5069.2011.01384.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2009.0085"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","first-page":"106","article-title":"The impact of an intervention to change health workers\u2019 HIV\/AIDS attitudes and knowledge in Nigeria: a controlled trial","volume":"116","author":"Ezedinachi E","year":"2002","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-014-0935-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt249"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120802290357"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2006.03777.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2015.1124974"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jana.2007.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0193945914523685"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-016-0478-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jana.2008.12.005"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effectiveness of AIDS education program on nursing students\u2019 AIDS knowledge and AIDS attitudes in Sri Lanka","volume":"8","author":"Nanayakkara GN","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Nurs Educ Pract"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2013-051184.1022"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2016.02.563"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KiraguK NyumbuM NgulubeTJ NjobvuP MwabaC KalimbweA et al.Caring for caregivers: an HIV\/AIDS workplace intervention for hospital staff in Zambia; Horizons final report.Washington DC:2008.","DOI":"10.31899\/HIV2.1010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MahendraVS GilbornL GeorgeB SamsonL MudoiR JadavS et al.Reducing AIDS\u2010related Stigma and Discrimination in Indian Hospitals. Horizons Final Report.New Delhi;2006.","DOI":"10.31899\/HIV2.1027"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","unstructured":"NybladeL AddoNA MingkwanP VormaworR StewartC GyameraE et al.Understanding and responding to stigma and discrimination in health facilities in Ghana: Intervention endline report[Internet].Washington DC:2018[cited 2019 Sept 22]. Available from:http:\/\/www.healthpolicyplus.com\/ns\/pubs\/10267\u201010481_TanzaniaStigmat.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","unstructured":"Health Policy Project.Measuring HIV stigma and discrimination among health facility staff: standardized brief questionnaire[Internet].2013[cited 2019 Sept 22]. Available from:http:\/\/www.healthpolicyproject.com\/index.cfm?id=StigmaPackage"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"A brief, standardized tool for measuring HIV\u2010related stigma among health facility staff: results of field testing in China, Dominica, Egypt, Kenya, Puerto Rico and St. Christopher & Nevis","volume":"16","author":"Nyblade L","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_1","volume-title":"Sexual and reproductive health and rights, and HIV 101 workshop guide: A guide to facilitating a workshop on linking up HIV and sexual and reproductive health and rights with young key populations","author":"Stackpool\u2010Moore L","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006216-199401000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1547-5069.1992.tb00240.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nur.4770150408"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_71_1","unstructured":"United States Agency for International Development Inter\u2010Agency Working Group on Stigma and Discrimination.HIV\u2010related stigma and discrimination indicators development workshop report.2004."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2006.0219"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_73_1","volume-title":"Diffusion of innovations","author":"Rogers EM","year":"1995"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_74_1","first-page":"161","article-title":"Measuring attitudes toward persons with AIDS: the AAS\u2010G as an alternate form of the AAS","volume":"15","author":"Froman RD","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sch Inq Nurs Pract"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006199-199205000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2007.0198"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"OanhKTH AshburnK PulerwitzJ OgdenJ NybladeL.Improving hospital\u2010based quality of care in Vietnam by reducing HIV related stigma and discrimination: a horizons final report.Washington DC;2008.","DOI":"10.31899\/HIV2.1013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17290376.2007.9724883"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0002764299042007006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.05.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18717","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.16.3.18717","article-title":"Prevalence and drivers of HIV stigma among health providers in urban India: implications for interventions","volume":"16","author":"Ekstrand ML","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120801982889"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jana.2007.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_84_1","first-page":"193","article-title":"Preparing teachers as HIV\/AIDS prevention leaders in Malawi: evidence from focus groups","volume":"8","author":"Kachingwe SI","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int Electron J Health Educ"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07399330490272723"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1891\/0739-6686.17.1.241"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120701245999"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_88_1","unstructured":"Tanzania Stigma\u2010Indicators Field Test Group.Working report: Measuring HIV stigma: results of a field test in Tanzania.Washington DC.2005."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_89_1","unstructured":"KiddR ClayS.Understanding and challenging HIV stigma: Toolkit for action[Internet].Brighton UK;2003[cited 2020 Mar 2]. Available from:https:\/\/www.icrw.org\/wp\u2010content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/Understanding\u2010and\u2010Challenging\u2010HIV\u2010Stigma\u2010Toolkit\u2010for\u2010Action.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_90_1","unstructured":"The World Bank.The world by region[Internet].2018[cited 2020 Mar 2]. Available from:http:\/\/datatopics.worldbank.org\/sdgatlas\/the\u2010world\u2010by\u2010region.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.300854"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1874613601610010034"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_93_1","volume-title":"Miles to go: the response to HIV in Eastern Europe and Central Asia","author":"Global AIDS Update","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_94_1","article-title":"Russia\u2019s HIV\/AIDS epidemic is getting worse, not better","author":"Cohen J","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-014-0204-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000031"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_97_1","unstructured":"NybladeLC AddoN KA GyameraE CS JachintheS et al.Reducing health worker stigma and discrimination is critical to reaching 90\u201090\u201090 targets and is possible: evaluation results of a whole\u2010facility approach in Ghana. In: 22nd International AIDS Conference Amsterdam Netherlands.2018Jul 23\u201027. p.171."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_98_1","unstructured":"NybladeL MacQuarrieK.Can We Measure HIV\/AIDS\u2010Related Stigma and Discrimination? Current Knowledge about Quantifying Stigma in Developing Countries.United States Agency for International Development..2006[cited 2019 Jun 23]. Available from:https:\/\/www.icrw.org\/wp\u2010content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/Can\u2010We\u2010Measure\u2010HIV\u2010Stigma\u2010and\u2010Discrimination.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_99_1","unstructured":"HarknessJA BraunM EdwardsB JohnsonTP LybergL MohlerPP et al. editors Survey methods in multicultural multinational and multiregional contexts. Vol.552.Hoboken (NJ):Wiley;2010."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-013-0437-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2648.2002.02164.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2005.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02634937.2013.768059"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-013-0571-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21101\/cejph.a3583"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-015-1100-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.02.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2013.844762"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120903443392"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.301069"}],"container-title":["Journal of the International AIDS Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jia2.25553","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jia2.25553","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jia2.25553","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]],"date-time":"2023-09-05T07:42:22Z","timestamp":1693899742000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jia2.25553"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"references-count":109,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jia2.25553"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jia2.25553","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1758-2652","1758-2652"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1758-2652","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-2652","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-10-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-05-20","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-08-26","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e25553"}}