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Intern. AIDS Soc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Most gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM) live in rights\u2010constrained environments making retaining them in research to be as hard as recruiting them. To evaluate <jats:italic>Anza Mapema<\/jats:italic>, an HIV risk\u2010reduction programme in Kisumu, Kenya, we examined the enrolment sociodemographic, behavioural, psychosocial and clinical factors associated with missing two or more follow\u2010up visits for GBMSM participating in Anza Mapema.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Between August 2015 and November 2017, GBMSM were enrolled and followed in a prospective cohort study with quarterly visits over 12\u00a0months. At enrolment, men were tested for HIV and sexually transmitted infections and completed questionnaires via audio computer\u2010assisted self\u2010interview. Because the Kenya Ministry of Health recommends HIV testing every three to six months for GBMSM, the retention outcome in this cross sectional analysis was defined as missing two consecutive follow\u2010up visits (vs. not missing two or more consecutive visits). Multivariable logistic regression estimated the adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the associations of the enrolment characteristics with the binary outcome of retention.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results and discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among 609 enrolled HIV\u2010negative GBMSM, the median age was 23\u00a0years (interquartile range, 21 to 28\u00a0years), 19.0% had completed \u22648\u00a0years of education and 4.1% had resided in the study area &lt;1\u00a0year at enrolment. After enrolment, 19.7% missed two consecutive follow\u2010up visits. In the final multivariable model, the odds of missing two consecutive follow\u2010up visits were higher for men who: resided in the study area &lt;1\u00a0year at enrolment (aOR, 4.14; 95% CI: 1.77 to 9.68), were not living with a male sexual partner (aOR, 1.59; 95% CI: 1.01 to 2.50), and engaged in transactional sex during the last three months (aOR, 1.70; 95% CI: 1.08 to 2.67).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>One in five men missed two consecutive follow\u2010up visits during this HIV prevention study despite intensive retention efforts and compensation for travel and participation. Participants with recent community arrival may require special support to optimize their retention in HIV prevention activities. Live\u2010in partners of participants may be enlisted to support greater engagement in prevention programmes, and men who engage in transactional sex will need enhanced counselling and support to stay in longitudinal studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25598","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T07:57:30Z","timestamp":1601539050000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Enrolment characteristics associated with retention among HIV negative Kenyan gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men enrolled in the <i>Anza Map<\/i><i>ema<\/i> cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Colin","family":"Kunzweiler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics School of Public Health University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert C","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics School of Public Health University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago Illinois USA"},{"name":"UNIM Research and Training Centre Nyanza Reproductive Health Society Kisumu Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Duncan O","family":"Okall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNIM Research and Training Centre Nyanza Reproductive Health Society Kisumu Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7847-8686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan M","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Medicine Global Health, and Epidemiology University of Washington Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7926-2489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Supriya D","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics School of Public Health University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Boaz","family":"Otieno\u2010Nyunya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global HIV\/AIDS Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Kisumu Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gaston","family":"Djomand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global HIV\/AIDS and Tuberculosis Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0823-412X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fredrick O","family":"Otieno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNIM Research and Training Centre Nyanza Reproductive Health Society Kisumu Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60821-6"},{"volume-title":"The outlawed amongst us: a study of the LGBT community\u2019s search for equality and non\u2010discrimination in Kenya","year":"2011","author":"Kenya National Commission on Human Rights (KNCHR)","key":"e_1_2_8_3_1"},{"volume-title":"The issue is violence: attacks on LGBT people on Kenya\u2019s Coast","year":"2015","author":"Human Rights Watch","key":"e_1_2_8_4_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61022-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30781-4"},{"volume-title":"UNAIDS Action Framework: Universal Access for Men who have Sex with Men and Transgender People","year":"2009","author":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS","key":"e_1_2_8_7_1"},{"volume-title":"Global AIDS coordinator: intensify programmatic activity and implementation science to reduce HIV burden, increase coverage and improve PEPFAR\u2019s impact for key populations","year":"2011","author":"President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief\u2010Scientific Advisory Board. 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