{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T14:12:50Z","timestamp":1780927970927,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004441","name":"Styrelsen f\u00f6r Internationellt Utvecklingssamarbete","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004441","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000278","name":"Department for International Development, UK Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000278","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/S020462\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/S020462\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. Intern. AIDS Soc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is little published literature about gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men and transgender individuals (MSM and TG)\u2019s use of social media in sub\u2010Saharan Africa, despite repressive social and\/or criminalizing contexts that limit access to physical HIV prevention. We sought to describe MSM and TG\u2019s online socializing in Nairobi and Johannesburg, identifying the characteristics of those socializing online and those not, in order to inform the development of research and health promotion in online environments.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Respondent\u2010driven sampling surveys were conducted in 2017 in Nairobi (n\u00a0=\u00a0618) and Johannesburg (n\u00a0=\u00a0301) with those reporting current male gender identity or male sex assigned at birth and sex with a man in the last 12\u00a0months. Online socializing patterns, sociodemographic, sexual behaviour and HIV\u2010testing data were collected. We examined associations between social media use and sociodemographic characteristics and sexual behaviours among all, and only those HIV\u2010uninfected, using logistic regression. Analyses were RDS\u2010II weighted. Thirty qualitative interviews were conducted with MSM and TG in each city, which examined the broader context of and motivations for social media use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Most MSM and TG had used social media to socialize with MSM in the last month (60% Johannesburg, 71% Nairobi), mostly using generic platforms (e.g. Facebook), but also gay\u2010specific (e.g. Grindr). HIV\u2010uninfected MSM and TG reporting riskier recent sexual behaviours had raised odds of social media use in Nairobi, including receptive anal intercourse (adjusted OR\u00a0=\u00a02.15, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.006), buying (aOR\u00a0=\u00a02.24, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.015) and selling sex with men (aOR\u00a0=\u00a02.17, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.004). Evidence for these associations was weaker in Johannesburg, though socializing online was associated with condomless anal intercourse (aOR\u00a0=\u00a03.67, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.003) and active syphilis (aOR\u00a0=\u00a013.50, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.016). Qualitative findings indicated that while online socializing can limit risk of harm inherent in face\u2010to\u2010face interactions, novel challenges were introduced, including context collapse and a fear of blackmail.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Most MSM and TG in these cities socialize online regularly. Users reported HIV acquisition risk behaviours, yet this space is not fully utilized for sexual health promotion and research engagement. Effective, safe and acceptable means of using online channels to engage with MSM\/TG that account for MSM and TG\u2019s strategies and concerns for managing online security should now be explored, as complements or alternatives to existing outreach.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25603","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T07:57:30Z","timestamp":1601539050000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Online socializing among men who have sex with men and transgender people in Nairobi and Johannesburg and implications for public health\u2010related research and health promotion: an analysis of qualitative and respondent\u2010driven sampling survey data"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5574-251X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Fearon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health &amp; Development London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine London United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Bourne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health &amp; Society La Trobe University Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siyanda","family":"Tenza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute School of Clinical Medicine University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thesla","family":"Palanee\u2010Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute School of Clinical Medicine University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rhoda","family":"Kabuti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Partners for Health and Development Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Weatherburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sigma Research Department of Public Health, Environments and Society London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine London United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Will","family":"Nutland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sigma Research Department of Public Health, Environments and Society London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine London United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Kimani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Partners for Health and Development Nairobi Kenya"},{"name":"Department of Community Health Sciences University of Manitoba (UoM) Winnipeg Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0036-1490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian D","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Population Health University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","unstructured":"Pew Research Center.Social media use continues to rise in developing countries but plateaus across developed ones.2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","unstructured":"Measuring the information society report. Volume 1.Geneva:International Telecommunications Union;2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30781-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61118-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000037"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002422"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001404"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e251","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.7251","article-title":"Social Media engagement and HIV testing among men who have sex with men in China: A Nationwide Cross\u2010Sectional Survey","volume":"19","author":"Cao B","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25017"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S253","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000002217","article-title":"Seeing Is believing? Unique capabilities of internet\u2010only studies as a tool for implementation research on HIV prevention for men who have sex with men: a review of studies and methodological considerations","volume":"82","author":"Grov C","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-019-02626-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.7997"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/publichealth.9321","article-title":"Population size estimation of gay and bisexual men and other men who have sex with men using social media\u2010based platforms","volume":"4","author":"Baral S","year":"2018","journal-title":"JMIR Public Health Surveill"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.4230","article-title":"Characteristics of men who have sex with men in southern Africa who seek sex online: a cross\u2010sectional study","volume":"17","author":"Stahlman S","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-016-1437-3"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s13178-013-0119-4","article-title":"The European men\u2010who\u2010have\u2010sex\u2010with\u2010men internet survey (EMIS): design and methods","volume":"10","author":"Weatherburn P","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sex Res Soc Policy"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/SH16072"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2015-052389"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2017.1322985"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32915","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032915","article-title":"HIV knowledge and associated factors among internet\u2010using men who have sex with men (MSM) in South Africa and the United States","volume":"7","author":"Wagenaar BH","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-8195-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000568"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Navigating norms of masculinity: tactical gender performances among gay men in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania","author":"Shio J","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gender, Place Culture"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09581596.2018.1527017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","volume-title":"State\u2010sponsored homophobia 2019: global legislation overview update","author":"ILGA World: Mendos LR","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147156"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/publichealth.5824","article-title":"The prevalence of sexual behavior stigma affecting gay men and other men who have sex with men across sub\u2010Saharan Africa and in the United States","volume":"2","author":"Stahlman S","year":"2016","journal-title":"JMIR Public Health Surveill"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S137","DOI":"10.1057\/jphp.2011.29","article-title":"You become afraid to tell them that you are gay: health service utilization by men who have sex with men in South African cities","volume":"32","author":"Rispel LC","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Public Health Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S12","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-012-0328-5","article-title":"HIV risk and prevention among men who have sex with men (MSM) in peri\u2010urban townships in Cape Town, South Africa","volume":"17","author":"Jobson G","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","unstructured":"BourneA FearonE NutlandW.Mapping and appraisal of HIV prevention and care interventions among men who have sex with men in Kenya Uganda Tanzania and Zimbabwe: a report of the SHARP programme. International HIV\/AIDS Alliance Sigma Research.2016."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/sp.2002.49.1.11"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0234384"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","first-page":"79","article-title":"Probability based estimation theory for respondent driven sampling","volume":"24","author":"Volz E","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Offic Stat"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0178043"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00684-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","article-title":"GrindrTM users take more risks, but are more open to HIV pre\u2010exposure prophylaxis: could this dating app provide platform for HIV prevention outreach?","author":"Hoenigl M","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000930"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"From Scene to Screen: The challenges and opportunities of commercial digital platforms for HIV community outreach","volume":"2","author":"Mowlabocus S","year":"2018","journal-title":"Social Media Soc"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162713"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001209"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-020-02786-5"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1071\/SH15231","article-title":"It starts with me: privacy concerns and stigma in the evaluation of a Facebook health promotion intervention","volume":"13","author":"Witzel TC","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sex Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S251","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000846","article-title":"Depression, substance abuse and stigma among men who have sex with men in coastal Kenya","volume":"29","author":"Secor AM","year":"2015","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2018.1475626","article-title":"\"Booze is the main factor that got me where I am today\": alcohol use and HIV risk for MSM in rural South Africa","volume":"30","author":"Daniels J","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001847"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001512"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-018-1168-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001462"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000046"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-statistics-031017-100704"}],"container-title":["Journal of the International AIDS Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jia2.25603","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jia2.25603","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jia2.25603","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]],"date-time":"2023-09-05T09:39:32Z","timestamp":1693906772000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jia2.25603"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jia2.25603"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jia2.25603","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1758-2652","1758-2652"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1758-2652","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-2652","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-01-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-07-21","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-10-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e25603"}}