{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T02:28:16Z","timestamp":1793932096883,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,16]],"date-time":"2020-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI136618"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI136618"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. Intern. AIDS Soc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HIV\u20101 transmitted drug resistance (TDR) prevalence increased during the initial years of the antiretroviral therapy (ART) global scale\u2010up. Few studies have examined recent trends in TDR prevalence using published genetic sequences and described the characteristics of ART\u2010na\u00efve persons from whom these published sequences have been obtained.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified 125 studies published between 2014 and 2019 for which HIV\u20101 reverse transcriptase (RT) with or without protease from \u226550 ART\u2010na\u00efve adult persons were submitted to the GenBank sequence database. The population characteristics and TDR prevalence were compared to those in 122 studies published in the preceding five years between 2009 and 2013. TDR prevalence was analysed using median study\u2010level and person\u2010level data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results and discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The 2009 to 2013 and 2014 to 2019 studies reported sequence data from 32,866 and 41,724 ART\u2010na\u00efve persons respectively. Studies from the low\u2010 and middle\u2010income country (LMIC) regions in sub\u2010Saharan Africa, South\/Southeast Asia and Latin America\/Caribbean accounted for approximately two\u2010thirds of the studies during each period. Between the two periods, the proportion of studies from sub\u2010Saharan Africa and from South\/Southeast Asia countries other than China decreased from 43% to 32% and the proportion of studies performed at sentinel sites for recent HIV\u20101 infection decreased from 33% to 22%. Between 2014 and 2019, median study\u2010level TDR prevalence was 4.1% in South\/Southeast Asia, 6.0% in sub\u2010Saharan Africa, 9.1% in Latin America\/Caribbean, 8.5% in Europe and 14.2% in North America. In the person\u2010level analysis, there was an increase in overall, NNRTI and two\u2010class NRTI\/NNRTI resistance in sub\u2010Saharan Africa; an increase in NNRTI resistance in Latin America\/Caribbean, and an increase in overall, NNRTI and PI resistance in North America.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, NNRTI and dual NRTI\/NNRTI\u2010associated TDR prevalence was significantly higher in sub\u2010Saharan Africa studies published between 2014 and 2019 compared with those published between 2009 and 2013. The decreasing proportion of studies from the hardest hit LMIC regions and the shift away from sentinel sites for recent infection suggests that global TDR surveillance efforts and publication of findings require renewed emphasis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25611","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,16]],"date-time":"2020-09-16T17:41:25Z","timestamp":1600278085000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["HIV\u20101 transmitted drug resistance surveillance: shifting trends in study design and prevalence estimates"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1231-6542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soo\u2010Yon","family":"Rhee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Stanford University Stanford CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seble G","family":"Kassaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Georgetown University Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0784-9440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geoffrey","family":"Barrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Faculty of Medical Science University of the West Indies Mona Jamaica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6670-9157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jagadish Chandrabose","family":"Sundaramurthi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Stanford University Stanford CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael R","family":"Jordan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Geographic Medicine Tufts Medical Center Boston MA USA"},{"name":"Department of Public Health and Community Medicine Tufts University School of Medicine Boston MA USA"},{"name":"Tufts Center for Integrated Management of Antimicrobial Resistance (CIMAR) Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert W","family":"Shafer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Stanford University Stanford CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350801302S04"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350801302S07","article-title":"World Health Organization surveys to monitor HIV drug resistance prevention and associated factors in sentinel antiretroviral treatment sites","volume":"13","author":"Jordan MR","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antivir Ther (Lond)"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2009.0299"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Guidelines on the public health response to pretreatment HIV drug resistance. 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