{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T03:11:53Z","timestamp":1785208313798,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,18]],"date-time":"2021-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Int AIDS Soc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>People who inject drugs (PWID) in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, have a high prevalence of HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV). While needle and syringe programmes (NSP), opioid agonist therapy (OAT) and anti\u2010retroviral therapy (ART) are available in Tanzania, their coverage is sub\u2010optimal. We assess the impact of existing and scaled up harm reduction (HR) interventions on HIV and HCV transmission among PWID in Dar es Salaam.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>An HIV and HCV transmission model among PWID in Tanzania was calibrated to data over 2006\u20132018 on HIV (\u223c30% and \u223c67% prevalence in males and females in 2011) and HCV prevalence (\u223c16% in 2017), numbers on HR interventions (5254 ever on OAT in 2018, 766\u20131479 accessing NSP in 2017) and ART coverage (63.1% in 2015). We evaluated the impact of existing interventions in 2019 and impact by 2030 of scaling\u2010up the coverage of OAT (to 50% of PWID), NSP (75%, both combined termed \u201cfull HR\u201d) and ART (81% with 90% virally suppressed) from 2019, reducing sexual HIV transmission by 50%, and\/or HCV\u2010treating 10% of PWID infected with HCV annually.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The model projects HIV and HCV prevalence of 19.0% (95% credibility interval: 16.4\u201321.2%) and 41.0% (24.4\u201349.0%) in 2019, respectively. For HIV, 24.6% (13.6\u201332.6%) and 70.3% (59.3\u201377.1%) of incident infections among male and female PWID are sexually transmitted, respectively. Due to their low coverage (22.8% for OAT, 16.3% for NSP in 2019), OAT and NSP averted 20.4% (12.9\u201324.7%) of HIV infections and 21.7% (17.0\u201325.2%) of HCV infections in 2019. Existing ART (68.5% coverage by 2019) averted 48.1% (29.7\u201364.3%) of HIV infections in 2019. Scaling up to full HR will reduce HIV and HCV incidence by 62.6% (52.5\u201374.0%) and 81.4% (56.7\u201381.4%), respectively, over 2019\u20132030; scaled up ART alongside full HR will decrease HIV incidence by 66.8% (55.6\u201377.5%), increasing to 81.5% (73.7\u201387.5%) when sexual risk is also reduced. HCV\u2010treatment alongside full HR will decrease HCV incidence by 92.4% (80.7\u201395.8%) by 2030.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Combination interventions, including sexual risk reduction and HCV treatment, are needed to eliminate HCV and HIV among PWID in Tanzania.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25817","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]],"date-time":"2021-10-21T08:23:53Z","timestamp":1634804633000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Modelling the impact of HIV and HCV prevention and treatment interventions for people who inject drugs in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4340-9995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah","family":"Fraser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Population HealthSciences Bristol Medical School University of Bristol Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4584-0068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jack","family":"Stone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population HealthSciences Bristol Medical School University of Bristol Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernst","family":"Wisse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"M\u00e9decins duMonde Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veryeh","family":"Sambu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National AIDS Control Programmes Dar es Salaam Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Mfisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Drug Control and Enforcement Authority Prime Ministers Office Dar es Salaam Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan J.","family":"Duran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"M\u00e9decins duMonde Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mireia Aguirre","family":"Soriano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"M\u00e9decins duMonde Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josephine G.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population HealthSciences Bristol Medical School University of Bristol Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobelrich","family":"Makere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tanzania Council for Social Development (TACOSODE) Dar es Salaam Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niklas","family":"Luhmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"M\u00e9decins duMonde Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Kafura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tanzania Commission for AIDS (TACAIDS) Dar es Salaam Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maieule","family":"Nouvellet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"M\u00e9decins duMonde Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allan","family":"Ragi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya AIDS NGO Consortium Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Mundia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya AIDS NGO Consortium Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8291-5890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Vickerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population HealthSciences Bristol Medical School University of Bristol Bristol UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","unstructured":"UNAIDS2018. Available from:http:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/regionscountries\/countries\/unitedrepublicoftanzania. Accessed 6 Sept 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","unstructured":"DuttaA BarkerC MakyaoN. Consensus estimates on key population size and HIV prevalence in Tanzania. National AIDS Control Programme (NACP) Ministry of Health and Social Welfare;2014."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/aeap.2009.21.5.474"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","unstructured":"NyandindiC. HIV serostatus hepatitic C and depression among injection drug users in Kinondoni municuipality Dar es Salaam. Doctoral dissertation.Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences;2011."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","unstructured":"Ministry of Health Community Development Gender Elderly and Children. Integrated bio\u2010behavioral surveillance survey among people who inject drugs in Dar es Salaam 2017.2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2012.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-014-0936-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000769"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30375-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12966"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e5945"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt243"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30373-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2017.05.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1105243"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","first-page":"466","article-title":"HIV treatment as prevention among people who inject drugs\u2013a re\u2010evaluation of the evidence","volume":"46","author":"Fraser H","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b1649"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(16)00019-9"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","first-page":"1496","article-title":"Rapid decline in HIV incidence among persons who inject drugs during a fast\u2010track combination prevention program after an HIV outbreak in Athens","volume":"215","author":"Sypsa V","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001625"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","unstructured":"UNAIDSPrevention GAP report. Available from:https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/resources\/documents\/2016\/prevention\u2010gap.2016. Accessed 6 Sept 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.20.1.21856"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(18)30304-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global health sector strategy on viral hepatitis 2016\u20132021: towards ending viral hepatitis. 2016. Available from:https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/246177. Accessed 6 Sept 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","unstructured":"UNAIDS. Fast\u2010Track \u2014 ending the AIDS epidemic by 2030. Available at:https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/resources\/documents\/2014\/JC2686_WAD2014report.2014. Accessed 6 Sept 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwz097"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-311504"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001852"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001534"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","unstructured":"BowringAL vanGemertC DietzeP ToufikA StooveM. Assessment of risk practices and infectious disease among drug users in Temeke District Dar es Salaam Tanzania. Prepared for M\u00e9decins du Monde \u2013 France Melbourne.Centre for Population Health Burnet Institute;2011."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2008.79.338"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(09)70021-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/590501"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1807-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2005.00651.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13948"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw416"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0067062"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu382"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2007.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120500120930"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(16)30181-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","unstructured":"UNAIDS\u2010AIDSinfo. Available fromhttp:\/\/aidsinfo.unaids.org\/. [Internet]. [cited 2018 Aug 02]."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2008.0172"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"HIV risk behaviours, perceived severity of drug use problems, and prior treatment experience in a sample of young heroin injectors in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania","volume":"10","author":"Atkinson J","year":"2011","journal-title":"Afr J Drug Alcohol Stud."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000582"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3310\/phr05050"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14267"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13011-018-0189-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-012-0300-7"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Behavioral interventions to reduce the transmission of HIV infection among sex workers and their clients in low\u2010and middle\u2010income countries","author":"Wariki WM","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198526629.001.0001","volume-title":"Decision modelling for health economic evaluation","author":"Briggs A","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2012.03932.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwp141"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiq112"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000192066.86410.8c"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0097726"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268802006945"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540152029936"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","first-page":"95","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus antibody prevalence among injecting drug users in Glasgow has fallen but remains high","volume":"1","author":"Goldberg D","year":"1998","journal-title":"Commun Dis Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(17)30249-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.01.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26431"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-01862-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evaluating the prevention benefit of HCV treatment: modelling the SToP\u2010C treatment as prevention study in prisons","author":"Lim AG","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-007198"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61053-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001245"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000441"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2008.034678"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_73_1","article-title":"Upscaling prevention, testing and treatment to control hepatitis C as a public health threat in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: a cost\u2010effectiveness model","volume":"88","author":"Scott N","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.102613"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60742-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60743-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2016.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-017-0164-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_80_1","unstructured":"SijaonaA. Tanzania National Strategic Plan for Control of Viral Hepatitis 2018\/19\u20102022\/23. Coalition for Global Hepatitis Elimination. Available from:https:\/\/www.globalhep.org\/sites\/default\/files\/content\/resource\/files\/2020\u201002\/Tanzania%20National%20Strategic%20Plan%20for%20the%20Control%20of%20Viral%20Hepatitis%202018\u201019\u20102022\u201023.pdf. Accessed 6 Sept 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_81_1","unstructured":"The Global FundGlobal fund grants to the Republic of Kenya audit report. Available from:https:\/\/www.theglobalfund.org\/media\/8062\/oig_gf\u2010oig\u201018\u2010021_report_en.pdf. Geneva; 2018. Accessed 6 Sept 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13011-018-0189-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148598"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000555"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.12.108282"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200203080-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_87_1","unstructured":"Tanzania Commission for AIDS (TACAIDS) Zanzibar AIDS Commission (ZAC) National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) Office of the Chief Government Statistician (OCGS) ICF International 2013Tanzania HIV\/AIDS and Malaria Indicator Survey 2011\u201312. Available from:https:\/\/www.dhsprogram.com\/pubs\/pdf\/SR196\/SR196.pdf. Accessed 6 Sept 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1293.2008.00557.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_89_1","unstructured":"Tanzania Commission for AIDS (TACAIDS) Zanzibar AIDS Commission (ZAC)Tanzania HIV Impact Survey (THIS) 2016\u20132017: final report. Dar es Salaam Tanzania; 2018. Available from:https:\/\/phia.icap.columbia.edu\/wp\u2010content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/FINAL_THIS\u20102016\u20102017_Final\u2010Report__06.21.19_for\u2010web_TS.pdf. Accessed 6 Sept 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181cf30ba"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200003303421303"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_92_1","unstructured":"AASLDUpdated testing recommendations. Available from:https:\/\/www.hcvguidelines.org\/contents2020. Accessed 6 Sept 2021."}],"container-title":["Journal of the International AIDS Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jia2.25817","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/jia2.25817","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jia2.25817","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,11]],"date-time":"2023-11-11T13:42:18Z","timestamp":1699710138000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jia2.25817"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jia2.25817"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jia2.25817","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1758-2652","1758-2652"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1758-2652","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-2652","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-02-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-08-19","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-10-18","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e25817"}}