{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T20:56:54Z","timestamp":1773435414772,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645574400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Int AIDS Soc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Monitoring the population\u2010level emergence and transmission of HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) is necessary for supporting public health programmes. This study provides a nationally representative prevalence estimate of HIVDR in people initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) and estimates of acquired HIVDR and viral load (VL) suppression in people who have received it for 12 or \u226548 months in Vietnam.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study was conducted between September 2017 and March 2018 following World Health Organization guidance. Thirty ART clinics were randomly sampled using probability proportional to size sampling from a total of 367 ART clinics in the country.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results and Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In total, 409 patients initiating ART were enrolled into the survey of pre\u2010treatment HIVDR. The prevalence of any pre\u2010treatment HIVDR was 5.8% (95% CI 3.4\u20139.5%), and the prevalence of non\u2010nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance was 3.4% (95% CI 1.8\u20136.2%). Four hundred twenty\u2010nine patients on ART for 12\u00b13 months and 723 patients on ART for \u226548 months were enrolled into the surveys of acquired HIVDR. The prevalence of VL suppression (defined as &lt;1000 copies\/ml) in patients on ART for 12\u00b13 and \u226548 months was 95.5% (95% CI 91.3\u201397.8%) and 96.1% (95% CI 93.2\u201397.8%), respectively. Among individuals with viral non\u2010suppression, any HIVDR was detected in 11\/14 (weighted prevalence 74.3%) of those on ART for 12\u00b13 months and in 24\/27 (weighted prevalence 88.5%) of those receiving ART for \u226548 months.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This nationally representative study of HIVDR found high levels of VL suppression among those on ART for 12 and \u226548 months. Overall, high levels of VL suppression at both time points suggested good adherence among patients receiving ART and quality of treatment services in Vietnam.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Clinical Trial Number<\/jats:title><jats:p>Not applicable<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25857","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T13:12:53Z","timestamp":1645621973000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The prevalence of pre\u2010treatment and acquired HIV drug resistance in Vietnam: a nationally representative survey, 2017\u20132018"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5904-5970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vu Quoc","family":"Dat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases Hanoi Medical University  Hanoi Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nguyen Thi Lan","family":"Anh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology  Hanoi Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khuu","family":"Van Nghia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pasteur Institute of Ho Chi Minh City  Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nguyen Thuy","family":"Linh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology  Hanoi Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huynh Hoang Khanh","family":"Thu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pasteur Institute of Ho Chi Minh City  Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tran Thi Minh","family":"Tam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology  Hanoi Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tran","family":"Ton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pasteur Institute of Ho Chi Minh City  Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luong Que","family":"Anh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pasteur Institute of Ho Chi Minh City  Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nguyen Duy","family":"Phuc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pasteur Institute of Ho Chi Minh City  Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Phan Thi Thu","family":"Huong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vietnam Administration for HIV\/AIDS Control  Hanoi Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Do Thi","family":"Nhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vietnam Administration for HIV\/AIDS Control  Hanoi Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nguyen Huu","family":"Hai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vietnam Administration for HIV\/AIDS Control  Hanoi Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Bertagnolio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization  Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amy M.","family":"Crisp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seth","family":"Inzaule","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization  Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalie E.","family":"Dean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael R.","family":"Jordan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Geographic Medicine Tufts Medical Center  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Public Health and Community Medicine Tufts University School of Medicine  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Levy Center for Integrated Management of Antimicrobial Resistance (CIMAR)  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8766-3082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Van Thi Thuy","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization Vietnam Country Office  Hanoi Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"Ministry of Health.Report on HIV\/AIDS in 2020.Vietnam Administration of AIDS Control (VAAC);2021. Report No.: 124\/BC\u2010BYT."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5365\/wpsar.2018.9.1.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Surveillance of HIV drug resistance in adults receiving ART (acquired HIV drug resistance).Geneva;2014."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Guidance for sampling ART clinics in countries combining surveillance of pre\u2010treatment HIV drug resistance and acquired HIV drug resistance at 12 and 48+ months.Geneva;2016."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Surveillance of HIV drug resistance in adults initiating antiretroviral therapy (pre\u2010treatment HIV drug resistance).Geneva;2014."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization and Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS.Guidelines for using HIV testing technologies in surveillance \u20132009 update.2009."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","unstructured":"Stanford University HIV Drug Resistance DatabaseHIVdb Program: Genotypic Resistance Interpretation Algorithm. 2018. 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