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Analytical missing data methods, including inverse\u2010probability weighting (IPW) and multiple imputation (MI), are biased when data are missing\u2010not\u2010at\u2010random, for example when people living with HIV more frequently decline participation. Heckman\u2010type selection models can, under certain assumptions, recover unbiased prevalence estimates in such scenarios.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We pooled data from 142,706 participants aged 15\u201349 years from nationally representative cross\u2010sectional Population\u2010based HIV Impact Assessments in seven countries in sub\u2010Saharan Africa, conducted between 2015 and 2018 in Tanzania, Uganda, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Lesotho and Eswatini. We compared sex\u2010stratified HIV prevalence estimates from unadjusted, IPW, MI and selection models, controlling for household and individual\u2010level predictors of non\u2010participation, and assessed the sensitivity of selection models to the copula function specifying the correlation between study participation and HIV status.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In total, 84.1% of participants provided a blood sample to determine HIV serostatus (range: 76% in Malawi to 95% in Uganda). HIV prevalence estimates from selection models diverged from IPW and MI models by up to 5% in Lesotho, without substantial precision loss. In Tanzania, the IPW model yielded lower HIV prevalence estimates among males than the best\u2010fitting copula selection model (3.8% vs. 7.9%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We demonstrate how HIV prevalence estimates from selection models can differ from those obtained under missing\u2010at\u2010random assumptions. Further benefits include exploration of plausible relationships between participation and outcome. While selection models require additional assumptions and careful specification, they are an important tool for triangulating prevalence estimates in surveys with substantial missing data due to non\u2010participation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25954","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,5]],"date-time":"2022-08-05T07:39:12Z","timestamp":1659685152000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Correcting for selection bias in HIV prevalence estimates: an application of sample selection models using data from population\u2010based HIV surveys in seven sub\u2010Saharan African countries"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1009-4701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anton M.","family":"Palma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAP at Columbia University  New York New York USA"},{"name":"Institute for Clinical and Translational Sciences University of California Irvine  Irvine California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giampiero","family":"Marra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Bray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAP at Columbia University  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzue","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICAP at Columbia University  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Colletar","family":"Awor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis Center for Global Health CDC  Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed F.","family":"Jalloh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis Center for Global Health CDC  Dar es Salaam Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Kailembo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research  Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilford","family":"Kirungi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uganda Ministry of Health  Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George S.","family":"Mgomella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis Center for Global Health CDC  Dar es Salaam Tanzania"},{"name":"University of Cambridge  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prosper","family":"Njau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis Center for Global Health CDC  Dar es Salaam Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew C.","family":"Voetsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer A.","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Global HIV and Tuberculosis Center for Global Health CDC  Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Till","family":"B\u00e4rnighausen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Africa Health Research Institute  KwaZulu\u2010Natal South Africa"},{"name":"MRC\/Wits Rural Public Health &amp; Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt) University of the Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology &amp; Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Heidelberg Institute of Global Health University of Heidelberg  Heidelberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6604-491X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guy","family":"Harling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Africa Health Research Institute  KwaZulu\u2010Natal South Africa"},{"name":"MRC\/Wits Rural Public Health &amp; Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt) University of the Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology &amp; Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Institute for Global Health University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/096228029600500302"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","unstructured":"MishraV HongR KhanS GuY LiuL. Evaluating HIV estimates from national population\u2010based surveys for bias resulting from non\u2010response.Calverton MD;2008."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.05.029520"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","first-page":"2100","article-title":"Do gifts increase consent to home\u2010based HIV testing? 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