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This undermines our understanding of the scope of challenges with engagement and whether interventions have an impact, complicating patient and programme\u2010level decision\u2010making. This study identified and characterized measures of engagement to support more consistent and comprehensive evaluation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a scoping study to systematically categorize measures the health system could use to evaluate engagement with HIV care for those on antiretroviral treatment. Key terms were used to search literature databases (Embase, PsychINFO, Ovid Global\u2010Health, PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, Cochrane and the World Health Organization Index Medicus), Google Scholar and stakeholder\u2010identified manuscripts, ultimately including English evidence published from sub\u2010Saharan Africa from 2014 to 2021. Measures were extracted, organized, then reviewed with key stakeholders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results and discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We screened 14,885 titles\/abstracts, included 118 full\u2010texts and identified 110 measures of engagement, categorized into three engagement dimensions (\u201cretention,\u201d \u201cadherence\u201d and \u201cactive self\u2010management\u201d), a combination category (\u201cmulti\u2010dimensional engagement\u201d) and \u201ctreatment outcomes\u201d category (e.g. viral load as an end\u2010result reflecting that engagement occurred). Retention reflected status in care, continuity of attendance and visit timing. Adherence was assessed by a variety of measures categorized into primary (prescription not filled) and secondary measures (medication not taken as directed). Active self\u2010management reflected involvement in care and self\u2010management. Three overarching use cases were identified: research to make recommendations, routine monitoring for quality improvement and strategic decision\u2010making and assessment of individual patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Heterogeneity in conceptualizing engagement with HIV care is reflected by the broad range of measures identified and the lack of consensus on \u201cgold\u2010standard\u201d indicators. This review organized metrics into five categories based on the dimensions of engagement; further work could identify a standardized, minimum set of measures useful for comprehensive evaluation of engagement for different use cases. In the interim, measurement of engagement could be advanced through the assessment of multiple categories for a more thorough evaluation, conducting sensitivity analyses with commonly used measures for more comparable outputs and using longitudinal measures to evaluate engagement patterns. This could improve research, programme evaluation and nuanced assessment of individual patient engagement in HIV care.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.26025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]],"date-time":"2022-10-26T08:56:40Z","timestamp":1666774600000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Measuring patient engagement with HIV care in sub\u2010Saharan Africa: a scoping study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Claire M.","family":"Keene","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Systems Collaborative Oxford Centre for Global Health Research Nuffield Department of Medicine University of Oxford  Oxford United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayesha","family":"Ragunathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Systems Collaborative Oxford Centre for Global Health Research Nuffield Department of Medicine University of Oxford  Oxford United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Euvrard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research School of Public Health and Family Medicine Faculty of Health Sciences University of Cape Town  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mike","family":"English","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Systems Collaborative Oxford Centre for Global Health Research Nuffield Department of Medicine University of Oxford  Oxford United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"McKnight","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Systems Collaborative Oxford Centre for Global Health Research Nuffield Department of Medicine University of Oxford  Oxford United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Orrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Faculty of Health Sciences University of Cape Town  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the InCARE Stakeholder Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_16_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002811"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000543"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001284"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-018-2058-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002478"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-8406-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0167654"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000081"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001788"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2020.0258"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e318273762f"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-019-02448-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002589"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25761"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24875\/AIDSRev.19000037"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003812"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00012272-200507000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KaplanS.Contemporary disengagement from antiretroviral therapy in Khayelitsha South Africa. 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