{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T19:47:36Z","timestamp":1791402456744,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]],"date-time":"2024-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":10,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV\u2010024432"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV\u2010024432"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Int AIDS Soc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Following HIV testing services (HTS), the World Health Organization recommends prompt linkage to prevention and treatment. Scale\u2010up of effective linkage strategies is essential to achieving the global 95\u201095\u201095 goals for maintaining low HIV incidence by 2030 and reducing HIV\u2010related morbidity and mortality. Whereas linkage to care including same\u2010day antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation for all people with HIV is now routinely implemented in testing programmes, linkage to HIV prevention interventions including behavioural or biomedical strategies, for HIV\u2010negative individuals remains sub\u2010optimal. This review aims to evaluate effective post\u2010HTS linkage strategies for HIV overall, and highlight gaps specifically in linkage to prevention.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using the five\u2010step Arksey and O'Malley framework, we conducted a scoping review searching existing published and grey literature. We searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Web of Science and EMBASE databases for English\u2010language studies published between 1 January 2010 and 30 November 2023. Linkage interventions included as streamlined interventions\u2014involving same\u2010day HIV testing, ART initiation and point\u2010of\u2010care CD4 cell count\/viral load, case management\u2014involving linkage coordinators developing personalized HIV care and risk reduction plans, incentives\u2014financial and non\u2010financial, partner services\u2014including contact tracing, virtual\u2014like social media, quality improvement\u2014like use of score cards, and peer\u2010based interventions. Outcomes of interest were linkage to any form of HIV prevention and\/or care including ART initiation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of 2358 articles screened, 66 research studies met the inclusion criteria. Only nine linkage to prevention studies were identified (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 9\/66, 14%)\u2014involving pre\u2010exposure prophylaxis, voluntary medical male circumcision, sexually transmitted infection and cervical cancer screening. Linkage to care studies (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 57\/66, 86%) focused on streamlined interventions in the general population and on case management among key populations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite a wide range of HIV prevention interventions available, there was a dearth of literature on HIV prevention programmes and on the use of messaging on treatment as prevention strategy. Linkage to care studies were comparatively numerous except those evaluating virtual interventions, incentives and quality improvement.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The findings give insights into linkage strategies but more understanding of how to provide these effectively for maximum prevention impact is needed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.26229","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T02:59:33Z","timestamp":1712890773000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Understanding effective post\u2010test linkage strategies for HIV prevention and care: a scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3604-0509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatrice","family":"Wamuti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Health and Population Harvard University  Cambridge Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9637-7838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad S.","family":"Jamil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global HIV, Hepatitis and STIs Programs, World Health Organization  Geneva Switzerland"},{"name":"Regional Office to the Eastern Mediterranean, World Health Organization  Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nandi","family":"Siegfried","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Clinical Epidemiologist  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Ford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global HIV, Hepatitis and STIs Programs, World Health Organization  Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Baggaley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global HIV, Hepatitis and STIs Programs, World Health Organization  Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheryl Case","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global HIV, Hepatitis and STIs Programs, World Health Organization  Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Cherutich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global HIV, Hepatitis and STIs Programs, World Health Organization  Geneva Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Preventive and Promotive Health Ministry of Health  Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Consolidated strategic information guidelines for HIV in the health sector.2015."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","unstructured":"UNAIDS.Understanding fast\u2010track: accelerating action to end the AIDS epidemic by 2030.Geneva:UNAIDS;2015."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Consolidated guidelines on HIV testing services 2019.2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192403"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-019-00451-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16044"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.1818"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.21167"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60705-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ801"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis401"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Delivering HIV test results and messages for re\u2010testing and counselling in adults.2010."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","volume-title":"Consolidated guidelines on HIV prevention, testing, treatment, service delivery and monitoring: recommendations for a public health approach","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1108524"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001132"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001354"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","volume-title":"Positive health, dignity and prevention: operational guidelines","author":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1364557032000119616"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148865"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-013-0588-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2017.1282105"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.48.1700858"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_1","unstructured":"GDP deflator (base year varies by country)\u2014United States [Internet]. [cited 2023 Mar 1]. Available from:https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/NY.GDP.DEFL.ZS?locations=US"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3450-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000002518"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002719"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(16)00020-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2018.0049"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2325958219848848"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25937"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9745\/GHSP-D-20-00444"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-021-03197-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001057"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(17)30091-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002292"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(17)30131-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(16)00018-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32833298be"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000678"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001768"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000785"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.05.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-020-02873-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25014"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002230"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-014-0723-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-017-2016-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-010-9704-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002433"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002420"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25519"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001428"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu324"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2017.2158"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2017.0238"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofy126"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003475"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-018-02389-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002442"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25803"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.302035"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(16)30214-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-13415-2"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_14_67_1","first-page":"325","article-title":"Case management: steadfast resource for addressing linkage to care and prevention with hospitalized HIV\u2010infected crack users","volume":"13","author":"Kenya S","year":"2014","journal-title":"J HIV\/AIDS Soc Serv"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001512"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-019-02548-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3392-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-020-03051-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.0148"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-018-2115-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/14012"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208919"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001538"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2013-051397"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17441692.2020.1847310"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25448"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa073"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-018-3735-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001057"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.115684"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001697"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lana.2022.100281"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2018.1503636"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0191638"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-021-03355-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-018-2885-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-019-02718-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16549716.2018.1503784"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40271-020-00486-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_93_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization\u2014Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean [Internet].2021[cited 2022 Nov 22]. WHO EMRO World AIDS campaigns. Available from:http:\/\/www.emro.who.int\/world\u2010aids\u2010campaigns\/wad2021\/index.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_94_1","volume-title":"Progress report 2016: prevent HIV, test and treat all: WHO support for country impact","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004169"}],"container-title":["Journal of the International AIDS Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jia2.26229","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,27]],"date-time":"2024-04-27T15:37:21Z","timestamp":1714232241000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jia2.26229"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jia2.26229"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jia2.26229","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1758-2652","1758-2652"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1758-2652","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-2652","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-04-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-02-20","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-04-11","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e26229"}}