{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T23:32:26Z","timestamp":1792798346897,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,17]],"date-time":"2024-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004423","name":"World Health Organization","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004423","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Int AIDS Soc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Disengagement from antiretroviral therapy (ART) care is an important reason why people living with HIV do not achieve viral load suppression become unwell.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We searched two databases and conference abstracts from January 2015 to December 2022 for studies which reported reasons for disengagement from ART care. We included quantitative (mainly surveys) and qualitative (in\u2010depth interviews or focus groups) studies conducted after \u201ctreat all\u201d or \u201cOption B+\u201d policy adoption. We used an inductive approach to categorize reasons: we report how often reasons were reported in studies and developed a conceptual framework for reasons.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified 21 studies which reported reasons for disengaging from ART care in the \u201cTreat All\u201d era, mostly in African countries: six studies in the general population of persons living with HIV, nine in pregnant or postpartum women and six in selected populations (one each in people who use drugs, isolated indigenous communities, men, women, adolescents and men who have sex with men). Reasons reported were: side effects or other antiretroviral tablet issues (15 studies); lack of perceived benefit of ART (13 studies); psychological, mental health or drug use (13 studies); concerns about stigma or confidentiality (14 studies); lack of social or family support (12 studies); socio\u2010economic reasons (16 studies); health facility\u2010related reasons (11 studies); and acute proximal events such as unexpected mobility (12 studies). The most common reasons for disengagement were unexpected events, socio\u2010economic reasons, ART side effects or lack of perceived benefit of ART. Conceptually, studies described underlying vulnerability factors (individual, interpersonal, structural and healthcare) but that often unexpected proximal events (e.g. unanticipated mobility) acted as the trigger for disengagement to occur.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>People disengage from ART care for individual, interpersonal, structural and healthcare reasons, and these reasons overlap and interact with each other. While HIV programmes cannot predict and address all events that may lead to disengagement, an approach that recognizes that such shocks will happen could help.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Health services should focus on ways to encourage clients to engage with care by making ART services welcoming, person\u2010centred and more flexible alongside offering adherence interventions, such as counselling and peer support.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.26230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]],"date-time":"2024-03-18T01:14:06Z","timestamp":1710724446000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Reasons for disengagement from antiretroviral care in the era of \u201cTreat All\u201d in low\u2010 or middle\u2010income countries: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2156-5030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachael M.","family":"Burke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Department London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine London UK"},{"name":"Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Clinical Research Programme Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital Blantyre Malawi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah M.","family":"Rickman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Department London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine London UK"},{"name":"Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Clinical Research Programme Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital Blantyre Malawi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clarice","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global HIV, Hepatitis and STIs Programme World Health Organisation Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2028-4779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Ehrenkranz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health, Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Augustine","family":"Choko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Clinical Research Programme Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital Blantyre Malawi"},{"name":"International Public Health Department Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1482-3967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathan","family":"Ford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global HIV, Hepatitis and STIs Programme World Health Organisation Geneva Switzerland"},{"name":"Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research School of Public Health and Family Medicine Faculty of Health Sciences University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"WHO.Consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection. 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