{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T04:29:43Z","timestamp":1792038583069,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]],"date-time":"2024-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000267","name":"Arts and Humanities Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AH\/X009580\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AH\/X009580\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000267","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Int AIDS Soc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Disability and HIV are intricately linked, as people with disabilities are at higher risk of contracting HIV, and living with HIV can lead to impairments and disability. Despite this well\u2010established relationship, there remains limited internationally comparable evidence on HIV knowledge and access to testing for people with disabilities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used cross\u2010sectional data from 37 Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys. Surveys were from six UNICEF regions, including East Asia and Pacific (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 6), East and Central Asia (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 7), Latin America and the Caribbean (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 6), Middle East and North Africa (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 4), South Asia (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 2) and sub\u2010Saharan Africa (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 12). A total of 513,252 people were eligible for inclusion, including 24,695 (4.8%) people with disabilities. We examined risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals for key indicators on HIV knowledge and access to testing for people with disabilities by sex and country. We also conducted a meta\u2010analysis to get a pooled estimate for each sex and indicator.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Men and women with disabilities were less likely to have comprehensive knowledge about HIV prevention (aRR: 0.74 [0.67, 0.81] and 0.75 [0.69, 0.83], respectively) and to know of a place to be tested for HIV (aRR: 0.95 [0.92, 0.99] and 0.94 [0.92, 0.97], respectively) compared to men and women without disabilities. Women with disabilities were also less likely to know how to prevent mother\u2010to\u2010child transmission (aRR: 0.87 [0.81, 0.93]) and ever have been tested for HIV (aRR: 0.90 [0.85, 0.94]).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Men and women with disabilities have lower overall HIV knowledge and in particular women with disabilities also indicate lower testing rates. Governments must include people with disabilities in HIV programmes by improving disability\u2010inclusion and accessibility to HIV\u2010related information, education and healthcare services.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.26239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]],"date-time":"2024-04-03T06:30:25Z","timestamp":1712125825000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["HIV knowledge and access to testing for people with and without disabilities in low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries: evidence from 37 Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6164-8877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Rotenberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for Evidence in Disability, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4724-4892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shanquan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for Evidence in Disability, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3662-8548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jill","family":"Hanass\u2010Hancock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South African Medical Research Council, Gender and Health Research Unit  Durban South Africa"},{"name":"School of Health Science, University of KwaZulu\u2010Natal  Durban South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4283-3030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Calum","family":"Davey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for Evidence in Disability, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4585-1103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lena Morgon","family":"Banks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for Evidence in Disability, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8952-0023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah","family":"Kuper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Center for Evidence in Disability, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","volume-title":"Global report on health equity for persons with disabilities","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2014.936820"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352\u20103018(21)00345\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2020.1762124"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","volume-title":"The right to access. 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