{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T23:36:27Z","timestamp":1787960187954,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714608000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI124389"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI124389"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01\u2010HD084233"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01\u2010HD084233"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201433\/A\/16\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201433\/A\/16\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001322","name":"South African Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RP\u20102017\u201008\u2010ST2\u2010008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RP\u20102017\u201008\u2010ST2\u2010008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR301634"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR301634"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Int AIDS Soc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>In South Africa, the HIV care cascade remains suboptimal. We investigated the impact of small conditional financial incentives (CFIs) and male\u2010targeted HIV\u2010specific decision\u2010support application (EPIC\u2010HIV) on the HIV care cascade.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In 2018, in uMkhanyakude district, 45 communities were randomly assigned to one of four arms: (i) CFI for home\u2010based HIV testing and linkage to care within 6 weeks (R50 [US$3] food voucher each); (ii) EPIC\u2010HIV which are based on self\u2010determination theory; (iii) both CFI and EPIC\u2010HIV; and (iv) standard of care. EPIC\u2010HIV consisted of two components: EPIC\u2010HIV 1, provided to men through a tablet before home\u2010based HIV testing, and EPIC\u2010HIV 2, offered 1 month later to men who tested positive but had not yet linked to care. Linking HITS trial data to national antiretroviral treatment (ART) programme data and HIV surveillance programme data, we estimated HIV status awareness after the HITS trial implementation, ART status 3 month after the trial and viral load suppression 1 year later. Analysis included all known individuals living with HIV in the study area including those who did not participated in the HITS trial.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among the 33,778 residents in the study area, 2763 men and 7266 women were identified as living with HIV by the end of the intervention period and included in the analysis. After the intervention, awareness of HIV\u2010positive status was higher in the CFI arms compared to non\u2010CFI arms (men: 793\/908 [87.3%] vs. 1574\/1855 [84.9%], RR\u00a0=\u00a01.03 [95% CI: 0.99\u22121.07]; women: 2259\/2421 [93.3%] vs. 4439\/4845 [91.6%], RR\u00a0=\u00a01.02 [95% CI: 1.00\u22121.04]). Three months after the intervention, no differences were found for linkage to ART between arms. One year after the intervention, only 1829 viral test results were retrieved. Viral suppression was higher but not significant in the EPIC\u2010HIV intervention arms among men (65\/99 [65.7%] vs. 182\/308 [59.1%], RR\u00a0=\u00a01.11 [95% CI: 0.88\u22121.40]).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Small CFIs can contribute to achieve the first step of the HIV care cascade. However, neither CFIs nor EPIC\u2010HIV was sufficient to increase the number of people on ART. Additional evidence is needed to confirm the impact of EPIC\u2010HIV on viral suppression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.26248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T08:09:31Z","timestamp":1714637371000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Population impacts of conditional financial incentives and a male\u2010targeted digital decision support application on the HIV treatment cascade in rural KwaZulu Natal: findings from the HITS cluster randomized clinical trial"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9340-2054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maxime","family":"Inghels","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lincoln International Institute for Rural Health University of Lincoln  Lincoln UK"},{"name":"Centre Population et D\u00e9veloppement (UMR 196 Paris Descartes \u2013 IRD), SageSud (ERL INSERM 1244) Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9797-0000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hae\u2010Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Africa Health Research Institute  KwaZulu\u2010Natal South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Population Health New York University School of Medicine  New York City New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2436-9972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thulile","family":"Mathenjwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Africa Health Research Institute  KwaZulu\u2010Natal South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7129-8535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryam","family":"Shahmanesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Africa Health Research Institute  KwaZulu\u2010Natal South Africa"},{"name":"Institute for Global Health University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0583-5272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janet","family":"Seeley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Africa Health Research Institute  KwaZulu\u2010Natal South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Global Health and Development London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7509-8247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sally","family":"Wyke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social and Political Sciences, School of Health and Wellbeing University of Glasgow  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6157-9680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philippa","family":"Matthews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Africa Health Research Institute  KwaZulu\u2010Natal South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1462-9275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oluwafemi","family":"Adeagbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology University of Johannesburg  Johannesburg South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Community and Behavioral Health College of Public Health University of Iowa  Iowa City Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4004-5655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dickman","family":"Gareta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Africa Health Research Institute  KwaZulu\u2010Natal South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1039-0159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuala","family":"McGrath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Africa Health Research Institute  KwaZulu\u2010Natal South Africa"},{"name":"School of Primary Care, Population Sciences and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine University of Southampton  Southampton UK"},{"name":"Department of Social Statistics and Demography, Faculty of Social Sciences University of Southampton  Southampton UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0100-4754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H. Manisha","family":"Yapa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Africa Health Research Institute  KwaZulu\u2010Natal South Africa"},{"name":"Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine &amp; Health University of Sydney  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3198-7122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ann","family":"Blandford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London Interaction Centre University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thembelihle","family":"Zuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Africa Health Research Institute  KwaZulu\u2010Natal South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7793-2197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian","family":"Dobra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington  Seattle Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4182-4212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Till","family":"B\u00e4rnighausen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Africa Health Research Institute  KwaZulu\u2010Natal South Africa"},{"name":"Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH) Heidelberg University  Heidelberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Tanser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Africa Health Research Institute  KwaZulu\u2010Natal South Africa"},{"name":"Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA) University of KwaZulu\u2010Natal  Durban South Africa"},{"name":"Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation, School for Data Science and Computational Thinking Stellenbosch University  Stellenbosch South Africa"},{"name":"The South African Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA) Stellenbosch University  Stellenbosch South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","unstructured":"UNAIDS.DATA 2023.Geneva:Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS;2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12888"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2017-209713"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31824445f0"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30296-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(17)30176-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-013-0416-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(18)30330-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu324"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(20)30230-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2012.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.18.1.19843"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(14)70024-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000198"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25665"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2022.115305"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KimHY InghelsM MathenjwaT ShahmaneshM SeeleyJ MatthewsP et\u00a0al.Increasing linkage to HIV care using conditional financial incentives and a digital counseling application: findings from the HITS cluster randomized clinical trial in rural South Africa[Internet]. 2023 [cited 2022 Nov 8]. Available from:https:\/\/www.croiconference.org\/abstract\/hits\u2010a\u2010community\u2010randomized\u2010trial\u2010to\u2010increase\u2010linkage\u2010to\u2010care\u2010in\u2010rural\u2010south\u2010africa\/","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.03.15.24304278"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","unstructured":"KimHY InghelsM MathenjwaT ShahmaneshM SeeleyJ MatthewsP et\u00a0al.The impact of a conditional financial incentive on linkage to HIV care: findings from the HITS cluster randomized clinical trial in rural South Africa[Internet]. medRxiv; 2024 [cited 2024 Mar 19]. p. 2024.03.15.24304278. Available from:https:\/\/www.medrxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/2024.03.15.24304278v1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyaa264"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/17549"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2020.1742867"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7277-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dym211"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.17.1.18908"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1403146"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh090"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_1","unstructured":"ZeileisA LumleyT GrahamN KoellS.sandwich: Robust Covariance Matrix Estimators[Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 Dec 3]. Available from:https:\/\/CRAN.R\u2010project.org\/package=sandwich"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_13_29_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Analysis of complex survey samples","volume":"9","author":"Lumley T","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002096"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0123345"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090347"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/17549"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001987"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2137284"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)71146-6"}],"container-title":["Journal of the International AIDS Society"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/jia2.26248","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]],"date-time":"2024-05-28T18:13:37Z","timestamp":1716920017000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jia2.26248"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/jia2.26248"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jia2.26248","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1758-2652","1758-2652"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1758-2652","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-2652","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-09-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-04-09","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-05-02","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e26248"}}