{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T20:23:14Z","timestamp":1780345394768,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]],"date-time":"2024-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Int AIDS Soc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>HIV self\u2010testing (HIVST) has been shown to increase the uptake of HIV testing and help achieve the UNAIDS 95\u201095\u201095 targets. This study assessed the acceptability, usability (ease of use and result interpretation) and the willingness to pay for HIVST kits distributed through three distribution models, namely the community\u2010based, PLHIV network\u2010led and private practitioners models, in India.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>This cross\u2010sectional study was implemented across 14 states in India between September 2021 and June 2022. All participants could choose between blood\u2010based or oral\u2010fluid\u2010based test kits. Participants were shown a test\u2010kit usage demonstration video, and pre\u2010 and post\u2010test counselling was provided for all. Participants were followed\u2010up after testing, and if reported reactive, were further supported for linkage to confirmatory testing and antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Among the 90,605 participants found eligible, 88,080 (97%) accepted an HIVST kit. Among the 87,976 who reported using an HIVST kit, 45,207 (51%) preferred a blood\u2010based kit, and 42,120 (48%) reported testing for the first time. For future testing, 77,064 (88%) reported preferring HIVST over other HIV testing methods. Among those who used the kit, 83,308 (95%) found the kit easy to use, and 83,237 (95%) reported that the test results were easy to interpret. Among those who preferred HIVST for future use, 52,136 (69%) were willing to pay for the kit, with 35,854 (69%) of those willing to pay less than US$ 1.20. Only one instance of social harm was reported, with a participant reporting suicidal tendencies due to discord with their partner.<\/jats:p>Out of 328 participants (0.4%) who tested reactive with HIVST, 291 (89%) were linked to confirmatory testing; of these, 254 were confirmed HIV positive, and 216 (85%) successfully initiated ART.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>Overall, we report that nearly all participants were willing to accept HIVST, found the test kits easy to use and interpret, and about two\u2010thirds were willing to pay for HIVST. Given the high levels of acceptance and the ability to reach a large proportion of first\u2010time testers, HIVST in India could contribute to achieving the UNAIDS first 95 and ending the HIV epidemic.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.26348","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]],"date-time":"2024-08-09T04:55:01Z","timestamp":1723179301000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Acceptability, usability, and willingness to pay for HIV self\u2010test kits distributed through community\u2010based, PLHIV network\u2010led and private practitioners models in India: Results from the STAR III Initiative"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1561-3857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chinmay","family":"Laxmeshwar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PATH Mumbai India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asha","family":"Hegde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PATH Mumbai India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alpana","family":"Dange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Humsafar Trust Mumbai India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kannan","family":"Mariyappan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PATH Mumbai India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manish","family":"Soosai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Solidarity and Action Against The HIV Infection in India (SAATHII) Chennai India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandeep","family":"Mane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Humsafar Trust Mumbai India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Murugesan","family":"Sivasubramanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Humsafar Trust Mumbai India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahesh","family":"Doddamane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Solidarity and Action Against The HIV Infection in India (SAATHII) Chennai India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madhuri","family":"Mukherjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Training and Education Centre for Health (I\u2010TECH) New Delhi India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. S.","family":"Shreenivas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PATH Mumbai India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manoj","family":"Pardesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Coalition of People Living with HIV in India (NCPI+) New Delhi India"},{"name":"Network of Maharashtra By People Living With HIV\/AIDS (NMP+) Pune India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vinod","family":"Jambhale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Network of Maharashtra By People Living With HIV\/AIDS (NMP+) Pune India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Venkateswara","family":"Rao Pakkela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Voluntary Health Services (VHS) Chennai India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vijayaraman","family":"Arumugam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Voluntary Health Services (VHS) Chennai India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vedant","family":"Rungta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"William J. 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