{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T07:05:31Z","timestamp":1790924731463,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":26,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009978","name":"Ernest Oppenheimer Memorial Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009978","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Int AIDS Soc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic inflammation is a unique contributor to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk among people living with HIV, yet there is a lack of consensus on the predictive utility of inflammatory biomarkers in this population. We conducted a systematic review assessing the predictive value of inflammatory biomarkers for major adverse cardiovascular events in people living with HIV to inform their potential integration into CVD risk assessment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MEDLINE, Embase and Google Scholar were searched for articles published up to 01 May 2024. We included prospective cohort and nested case\u2010control studies of adults living with HIV with inflammatory biomarker measurements in blood and at least one year of follow\u2010up to major adverse cardiovascular events. Risk of bias was assessed using the Quality in Prognostic Studies (QUIPS) tool. Where at least two studies reported the same type of effect measure for a biomarker, results were pooled using an inverse variance heterogeneity model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 5156 screened citations, 21 studies reporting 31 inflammatory biomarkers met inclusion criteria. Meta\u2010analysis showed high\u2010sensitivity C\u2010reactive protein (hsCRP) positively associated with future cardiovascular events (hazard ratio = \u00a01.86 per log\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      unit; 95% CI\u00a01.39\u20132.50,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 5,254). Three biomarkers, interleukin 6 (IL\u20106), D\u2010dimer, and N\u2010terminal pro\u2010brain natriuretic peptide (NT\u2010proBNP), demonstrated positive, statistically significant associations with adverse cardiovascular outcomes in at least two non\u2010overlapping studies, though heterogeneous effect measures precluded meta\u2010analysis. Most research (14\/21 studies) was conducted exclusively in high\u2010income settings, and female representation was low (median proportion = 15.5%; IQR 8.4\u201320.9%). All but three studies had a moderate or high risk of bias in at least one domain.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified several inflammatory biomarkers with potential prognostic value, but most associations were derived from single or heterogeneous studies. The certainty of evidence is reduced by methodological heterogeneity, few high\u2010quality studies and the underrepresentation of low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries (LMICs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Consistent positive associations between inflammatory biomarkers and future CVD in people living with HIV support a central role of inflammation in HIV\u2010related CVD. Representative, large\u2010scale studies that include women and LMICs are needed to guide the integration of candidate biomarkers into CVD risk prediction models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>PROSPERO Number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CRD42024542944<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.70101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T12:47:29Z","timestamp":1777294049000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Inflammatory Biomarkers Predicting Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in People Living With HIV: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9780-7617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley","family":"Murray","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niamh","family":"Louwman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Sciences Division University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Augustine","family":"Luk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Medicine University of Oxford  Oxford UK"},{"name":"Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust John Radcliffe Hospital  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Parker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatal HIV Research Unit University of the Witwatersrand  Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8952-4262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nomalanga","family":"Madyiwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Population Health University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harold","family":"Parker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Sciences Division University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Woodward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences University of Oxford  Oxford UK"},{"name":"School of Medicine and Dentistry Griffith University  Gold Coast Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carola Fajardo","family":"Gallegos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine La Salle University  Mexico City Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jienchi","family":"Dorward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences University of Oxford  Oxford UK"},{"name":"Centre For the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA) University of KwaZulu\u2010Natal  Durban South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard J.","family":"Stevens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas R.","family":"Fanshawe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.033369"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2023.0055"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000755"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.124.323891"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.05.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v11030200"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.125"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2006.09.014"},{"issue":"163","key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","first-page":"303","article-title":"Biomarkers in Clinical Medicine","author":"Chen X. 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