{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T06:06:26Z","timestamp":1789625186966,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Int AIDS Soc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Evidence from routine, national programme data on HIV self\u2010testing (HIVST) scale\u2010up is limited. This study examines HIVST scale\u2010up in eight African countries, describing how HIVST has been integrated into testing strategies and how testing coverage, test positivity, and linkage to antiretroviral therapy (ART) have evolved.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a retrospective descriptive analysis of national programme data from January 2019 to December 2023 across Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda and Zimbabwe. Data were disaggregated by quarter and subnational district. Indicators included HIVST kits distributed, conventional testing volumes, new HIV diagnoses and new ART initiations. We derived testing rates, testing positivity, ART linkage, and stability of HIVST distribution by district and over time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HIVST scale\u2010up varied across countries. By the most recent quarter, HIVST accounted for 63% of total testing in Lesotho, 19%\u201325% in Malawi and Zimbabwe, but &lt;15% in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and South Africa. In Malawi, Lesotho and Zimbabwe, large volumes of HIVST partially offset declines in conventional testing during the COVID\u201019 pandemic. HIVST remained modest (&lt;15% of total tests) in Kenya and Tanzania. In Mozambique, both conventional testing and HIVST expanded. In South Africa, conventional testing remained high after COVID\u201019, while HIVST expanded slowly. Despite divergent trajectories, new HIV diagnoses and ART initiations remained stable in most settings, indicating programmes adapted to maintain case\u2010finding even as testing volumes shifted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This descriptive analysis shows HIVST has been scaled to different degrees, with its contribution to overall testing shaped by national contexts, and distribution models. Interpretation is constrained by incomplete reporting, the inability to identify kits used out of kits distributed and distinguishing first\u2010time from repeat testers. These findings can guide optimizing HIV testing services, an essential step towards meeting global HIV targets and ending AIDS by 2030.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.70120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:47:39Z","timestamp":1777448859000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Scaling Up HIV Self\u2010Testing in Africa: Insights From National Programmatic Data in Eight Countries"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9663-7561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrien","family":"Allorant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Statistics and Demography University of Southampton  Southampton UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Bekelynck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global HIV, Hepatitis and STI Programmes World Health Organization  Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aliza","family":"Monroe\u2010Wise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global HIV, Hepatitis and STI Programmes World Health Organization  Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlota Baptista","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global HIV, Hepatitis and STI Programmes World Health Organization  Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thato","family":"Chidarikire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO  Pretoria South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0306-5171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olanrewaju","family":"Edun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Imperial College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonid","family":"Joaquim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO  Maputo Mozambique"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Kisia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO  Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7097-700X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph","family":"Larmarange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"French Institute for Demographic Studies, INED  Aubervilliers France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johnson John","family":"Lyimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO  Dar es Salaam Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juma McOllogi","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health, The National AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Infections and Hepatitis Control Program (NASHCoP)  Dodoma Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Musanhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO  Dar es Salaam Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Getrude","family":"Ncube","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health  Harare Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Sathane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Programs for Research and Training  Maputo Mozambique"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arlette","family":"Simo\u2010Fotso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Population &amp; Developpement, Universite Paris\u2010Cite, IRD Inserm  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey","family":"Taasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health  Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5499-5523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheryl Case","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global HIV, Hepatitis and STI Programmes World Health Organization  Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352\u20103018(20)30315\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.20.1.21188"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352\u20103018(16)00041\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002211"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","first-page":"972","article-title":"Can HIV Self\u2010Testing Reach First\u2010Time Testers? 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