{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T08:02:05Z","timestamp":1784880125140,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Int AIDS Soc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sex work significantly shapes the Thai economy and the HIV epidemic, yet its criminalization restricts access to health services and exacerbates human rights violations. This study examines experiences of stigma, discrimination, gender\u2010based violence (GBV) and incarceration among sex workers (SWs), exploring how these factors intersect with HIV services. This research is a component of a larger study investigating factors associated with pre\u2010exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) uptake among SWs in Thailand.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a post hoc analysis of a cross\u2010sectional survey (September\u2013December 2023) of 1511 Thai SWs recruited through convenience and quota sampling in seven provinces. Eligible participants were adults who self\u2010reported HIV\u2010negative or unknown status and had exchanged sex in the past 3 months. Trained peers administered anonymous face\u2010to\u2010face questionnaires covering demographics, work characteristics, HIV service utilization, stigma and discrimination, GBV, and PrEP. Descriptive statistics and bivariable and multivariable logistic regression were used to examine factors associated with past\u2010year human rights violations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>41.3% of SW participants reported experiencing at least one human rights violation, including stigma, discrimination, GBV and incarceration. Specifically, 18.1% experienced stigma and 35.8% reported GBV within the past year. Male sex workers (MSWs), transgender women sex workers (TGSWs), younger individuals, people who use drugs and those with a history of incarceration were the most affected groups. Geographical location was strongly correlated with these violations. A lack of human rights protections contributed to low uptake of HIV testing and sexually transmitted infection (STI) screening. PrEP uptake was critically low across all SW sub\u2010populations: 14.8% for TGSWs, 13.9% for MSWs and only 1.3% for female sex workers (FSWs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A human rights approach to HIV and sex work is indispensable to ending AIDS. Criminalization, stigma, discrimination and GBV intersect to produce layered vulnerability among different SW populations in Thailand, with TGSWs particularly affected. These structural conditions negatively shape access to HIV testing, STI screening and HIV prevention services, including PrEP. The findings reinforce that punitive legal environments and social stigma directly undermine HIV prevention efforts. Addressing the stigmatisation and human rights violations of sex workers are essential to ending AIDS in Thailand.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.70140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T06:00:07Z","timestamp":1782972007000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Intersection of Human Rights, HIV and Sex Work: Implications for Ending AIDS in Thailand by 2030"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1699-1278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ravipa","family":"Vannakit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bangkok Interdisciplinary Research and Development  Bangkok Thailand"},{"name":"Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development  Amsterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bangkok Interdisciplinary Research and Development  Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Surang","family":"Janyam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service Workers In Group (SWING) Foundation  Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chamrong","family":"Phaengnongyang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service Workers In Group (SWING) Foundation  Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chomnad","family":"Manopaiboon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bangkok Interdisciplinary Research and Development  Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7054-2153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inthira","family":"Suya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bangkok Interdisciplinary Research and Development  Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Girault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Consultant  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jintanat","family":"Ananworanich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development  Amsterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Cassell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FHI 360  Durham North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. Cameron","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIDS Action  Baltimore Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2023-013571"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(14)60800\u2010X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","volume-title":"World AIDS Day Report 2024: Take the Rights Path","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12982\/CMUMEDJ.2022.20"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","volume-title":"The Right(s) Evidence\u2014Sex Work, Violence and HIV in Asia: A Multi\u2010Country Qualitative Study","author":"Bhattacharjya M.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","volume-title":"\u201cWhat I'm Doing Is Not a Crime\u201d: The Human Cost of Criminalizing Sex Work in the City of Buenos Aires, Argentina","author":"Amnesty International","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","volume-title":"Amnesty International Policy on State Obligations to Respect, Protect and Fulfil the Human Rights of Sex Workers","author":"Amnesty International","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25535"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","volume-title":"World AIDS Day Report 2024: Take the Rights Path","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","first-page":"92","article-title":"The Mainstreaming of Sex Workers' Rights as Human Rights","volume":"43","author":"Mgbako C. 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