{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T08:50:00Z","timestamp":1791881400500,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Int AIDS Soc."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Gonorrhoea is a major global sexually transmitted infection, with rising incidence and increasing antimicrobial resistance threatening current control strategies. If untreated,\n                      <jats:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                      can lead to severe reproductive health sequelae. Gonorrhoea is also linked to increased HIV acquisition and transmission. There is currently no vaccine licensed to prevent gonorrhoea. However, observational evidence suggests that outer membrane vesicle\u2013based serogroup B meningococcal vaccines, including the four\u2010component meningococcal B (4CMenB) vaccine, confer partial cross\u2010protection against gonorrhoea. We discuss observational studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) focused on defining the efficacy of 4CMenB against gonorrhoea.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Observational studies from multiple settings have reported an association between receipt of 4CMenB vaccine and reduced gonorrhoea risk, with a meta\u2010analysis estimating a 38% reduction in risk.\n                      <jats:italic>Neisseria meningitidis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                      are closely related bacteria that share numerous antigens, making cross\u2010protection biologically plausible. Based on observational data, 4CMenB immunization programmes have been implemented in two countries with the aim of preventing gonorrhoea. However, three RCTs have recently shown that 4CMenB is not effective in preventing gonorrhoea in gay, bisexual and other men at high risk of acquisition. Several RCTs are ongoing, looking at efficacy in different populations, including women and people at lower risk of acquisition. The different outcomes between the observational studies and RCTs may be due to a range of known and unknown confounding factors, and differences in the populations considered in the different studies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Current evidence from RCTs does not support the use of 4CMenB to prevent gonorrhoea in gay and bisexual men at high risk of acquisition. Results from ongoing RCTs will be critical to determine whether vaccine efficacy varies by population or epidemiological context and to inform future gonorrhoea vaccine policy and development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.70153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T05:17:49Z","timestamp":1784956669000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Defining the Efficacy of Meningococcal B Vaccines Against Gonococcal Acquisition: The Current Landscape"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Kate L.","family":"Seib","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biomedicine and Glycomics Griffith University  Gold Coast Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew E.","family":"Grulich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Kirby Institute University of New South Wales  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"WHO Global Progress Report on HIV Viral Hepatitis and Sexually Transmitted Infections 2021(2021).https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240027077."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/SH19061"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.02.073"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lana.2022.100364"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/157016212800618138"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.70142"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00094-23"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","volume-title":"Safety and Efficacy of GSK Neisseria gonorrhoeae GMMA (NgG) Investigational Vaccine When Administered to Healthy Adults 18 to 50 Years of Age","author":"ClinicalTrials.gov_NCT05630859","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","unstructured":"GSK accessed June 26 2026 https:\/\/www.gsk.com\/media\/lkklkfgi\/q3\u20102024\u2010pipeline\u2010assets\u2010and\u2010clinical\u2010trials\u2010report.pdf.2024."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2024.106225"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2025.106582"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-021-00388-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31449-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000003047"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2206.151093"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2024.2357924"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2024.126312"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.05.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00754-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001771"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac436"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofx180.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.31742"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaf372"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00812-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(25)00543-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-081675"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-15516-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00236-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2516739"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C.Thng E. 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