{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T02:16:56Z","timestamp":1789179416711,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,7]],"date-time":"2022-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001866","name":"Fonds National de la Recherche Luxembourg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C18\/BM\/12661133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C18\/BM\/12661133"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001866","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014607","name":"Royal Children's Hospital Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014607","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014555","name":"Murdoch Children's Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014555","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Inher Metab Disea"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The central cofactors NAD(P)H are prone to damage by hydration, resulting in formation of redox\u2010inactive derivatives designated NAD(P)HX. The highly conserved enzymes NAD(P)HX dehydratase (NAXD) and NAD(P)HX epimerase (NAXE) function to repair intracellular NAD(P)HX. Recently, pathogenic variants in both the\n                    <jats:italic>NAXD<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>NAXE<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes were associated with rapid deterioration and death after an otherwise trivial fever, infection, or illness in young patients. As more patients are identified, distinct clinical features are emerging depending on the location of the pathogenic variant. In this review, we carefully catalogued the clinical features of all published NAXD deficiency patients and found distinct patterns in clinical presentations depending on which subcellular compartment is affected by the enzymatic deficiency. Exon 1 of\n                    <jats:italic>NAXD<\/jats:italic>\n                    contains a mitochondrial propeptide, and a unique cytosolic isoform is initiated from an alternative start codon in exon 2. NAXD deficiency patients with variants that affect both the cytosolic and mitochondrial isoforms present with neurological defects, seizures and skin lesions. Interestingly, patients with\n                    <jats:italic>NAXD<\/jats:italic>\n                    variants exclusively affecting the mitochondrial isoform present with myopathy, moderate neuropathy and a cardiac presentation, without the characteristic skin lesions, seizures or neurological degeneration. This suggests that cytosolic NAD(P)HX repair may protect from neurological damage, whereas muscle fibres may be more sensitive to mitochondrial NAD(P)HX damage. A deeper understanding of the clinical phenotype may facilitate rapid identification of new cases and allow earlier therapeutic intervention. Niacin\u2010based therapies are promising, but advances in disease modelling for both NAXD and NAXE deficiency may identify more specific compounds as targeted treatments. In this review, we found distinct patterns in the clinical presentations of NAXD deficiency patients based on the location of the pathogenic variant, which determines the subcellular compartment that is affected by the enzymatic deficiency.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jimd.12541","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]],"date-time":"2022-07-22T06:44:16Z","timestamp":1658472256000},"page":"1028-1038","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Clinical and biochemical distinctions for a metabolite repair disorder caused by\n                    <scp>NAXD<\/scp>\n                    or\n                    <scp>NAXE<\/scp>\n                    deficiency"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6768-3665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole J.","family":"Van Bergen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Mitochondrial Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute Royal Children's Hospital  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adhish S.","family":"Walvekar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine University of Luxembourg  Belvaux Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myrto","family":"Patraskaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine University of Luxembourg  Belvaux Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Sikora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Mitochondrial Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute Royal Children's Hospital  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carole L.","family":"Linster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine University of Luxembourg  Belvaux Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Christodoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Mitochondrial Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute Royal Children's Hospital  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Victorian Clinical Genetics Services Royal Children's Hospital  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awy310"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.1141"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C111.310847"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.114.236539"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20131482"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883\u2010020\u201000899\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101703"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.309754"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M083618"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa130"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmg.2021.104266"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2020.11.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac066"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz375"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac065"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000027548"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760\u2010019\u201001242\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2016.07.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760\u2010021\u201001717\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10048\u2010016\u20100483\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415\u2010019\u201009640\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","first-page":"524","article-title":"Clinical 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