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In response, differing approaches to the assessment of the harms and benefits of screening have resulted in variable screening panels worldwide. Thirty years on and another screening revolution has emerged with the potential for first line genomic testing extending the range of screening conditions recognized after birth to many hundreds. At the annual SSIEM conference in 2022 in Freiburg, Germany, an interactive plenary discussion on genomic screening strategies and their challenges and opportunities was conducted. The Genomics England Research project proposes the use of Whole Genome Sequencing to offer extended NBS to 100\u2009000 babies for defined conditions with a clear benefit for the child. The European Organization for Rare Diseases seeks to include \u201cactionable\u201d conditions considering also other types of benefits. Hopkins Van Mil, a private UK research institute, determined the views of citizens and revealed as a precondition that families are provided with adequate information, qualified support, and that autonomy and data are protected. From an ethical standpoint, the benefits ascribed to screening and early treatment need to be considered in relation to asymptomatic, phenotypically mild or late\u2010onset presentations, where presymptomatic treatment may not be required. The different perspectives and arguments demonstrate the unique burden of responsibility on those proposing new and far\u2010reaching developments in NBS programs and the need to carefully consider both harms and benefits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jimd.12650","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]],"date-time":"2023-07-05T11:22:00Z","timestamp":1688556120000},"page":"778-795","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Genomic newborn screening: Are we entering a new era of screening?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5385-6705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ute","family":"Spiekerkoetter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Adolescent Medicine and Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine University Children's Hospital  Freiburg 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