{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T16:25:30Z","timestamp":1790871930279,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,23]],"date-time":"2023-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":591,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]],"date-time":"2021-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]],"date-time":"2021-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623369600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE) pose a great threat to human health due to their ability to bypass antigen presentation and activate large amounts of conventional T cells resulting in a cytokine storm potentially leading to toxic shock syndrome. Unconventional T- and NK cells are also activated by SE but the mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, the authors aimed to explore the underlying mechanism behind SE-mediated activation of MAIT-, \u03b3\u03b4 T-, and NK cells in vitro. CBMC or PBMC were stimulated with the toxins SEA, SEH, and TSST-1, and cytokine and cytotoxic responses were analyzed with ELISA and flow cytometry. All toxins induced a broad range of cytokines, perforin and granzyme B, although SEH was not as potent as SEA and TSST-1. SE-induced IFN-\u03b3 expression in MAIT-, \u03b3\u03b4 T-, and NK cells was clearly reduced by neutralization of IL-12, while cytotoxic compounds were not affected at all. Kinetic assays showed that unconventional T cell and NK cell-responses are secondary to the response in conventional T cells. Furthermore, co-cultures of isolated cell populations revealed that the ability of SEA to activate \u03b3\u03b4 T- and NK cells was fully dependent on the presence of both monocytes and \u03b1\u03b2 T cells. Lastly, it was found that SE provoked a reduced and delayed cytokine response in infants, particularly within the unconventional T and NK cell populations. This study provides novel insights regarding the activation of unconventional T- and NK cells by SE, which contribute to understanding the vulnerability of young children towards Staphylococcus aureus infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.3a1020-630rr","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]],"date-time":"2021-06-11T10:58:57Z","timestamp":1623409137000},"page":"597-609","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Activation of human \u03b3\u03b4 T cells and NK cells by Staphylococcal enterotoxins requires both monocytes and conventional T cells"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Manuel","family":"Mata Forsberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University , Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Arasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University , Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Willemien","family":"van Zwol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University , Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sibel","family":"Uzun\u00e7ay\u0131r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University , Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Sch\u00f6nbichler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University , Stockholm, 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