{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T05:56:35Z","timestamp":1782453395564,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,13]],"date-time":"2020-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,13]],"date-time":"2020-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,13]],"date-time":"2020-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Tuberculosis (TB), a highly infectious air-borne disease, has remained a global health problem. Conventional treatment and preventions such as antibiotics and Bacilli Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine can be unreliable. In view of the increasing prevalence of anti-TB drug resistance, adjunctive therapy may be necessary to shorten the recovery time. We have previously shown that flavonoids in the medicinal herb Sophora flavescens exhibit anti-inflammatory and bactericidal activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular and cellular characteristics of flavonoids of S. flavescens (FSF) in BCG-stimulated macrophages for assessing their roles in anti-inflammation and autophagy. Mouse alveolar macrophage (MH-S) cell line and primary mouse peritoneal macrophages were stimulated in vitro with heat-inactivated BCG and treated with FSF, with or without autophagy inhibitor Bafilomycin A1 (BafA1). Gene expression was analyzed using quantitative PCR, and cytokine\/chemokine release was analyzed by Milliplex assay and ELISA. Autophagy-related proteins were quantified by Western blot and flow cytometry, and autophagolysosomes were detected using fluorescence microscopy. In both MH-S cell line and mouse peritoneal macrophages stimulated by heat-inactivated BCG, FSF was found to up-regulate autophagy-related proteins microtubule-associated protein 1A\/1B-light chain 3 (LC3) and protein 62 (p62), and suppress the induced proinflammatory cytokine TNF-\u03b1, CCL5, and IL-6. FSF actively modulates immune processes through suppressing BCG-mediated inflammation by promoting autophagy in MH-S cells and mouse peritoneal macrophages. We suggest that FSF may be useful as an adjunctive therapeutic agent for TB infection by modulating cell survival through autophagy and reducing inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.3ma0720-682rr","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,14]],"date-time":"2020-08-14T04:50:52Z","timestamp":1597380652000},"page":"1615-1629","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The flavonoids of <i>Sophora flavescens<\/i> exerts anti-inflammatory activity via promoting autophagy of Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin-stimulated macrophages"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Lea Ling-Yu","family":"Kan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dehua","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben Chung-Lap","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miranda Sin-Man","family":"Tsang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , China"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital , Hong Kong , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianheng","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital , Hong Kong , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping Chung","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher Wai-Kei","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology , Macau , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5637-8331","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chun Kwok","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , China"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital , Hong Kong , China"},{"name":"Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R & D Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023032108060117200_jlb10787-cit-0001","volume-title":"Global tuberculosis 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