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Although many cell types constitutively express restriction factors at low levels, their induction in response to viral exposure and replication is often required for potent control and repulse of the invading pathogens. It is well established that type I IFNs efficiently induce antiviral restriction factors. Accumulating evidence suggests that other types of IFN, as well as specific cytokines, such as IL-27, and other activators of the cell are also capable of enhancing the expression of restriction factors and hence to establish an antiviral cellular state. Agents that efficiently induce restriction factors, increase their activity, and\/or render them resistant against viral antagonists without causing general inflammation and significant side effects hold some promise for novel therapeutic or preventive strategies. In the present review, we summarize some of the current knowledge on the induction of antiretroviral restriction factors and perspectives for therapeutic application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.3mr0717-307r","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,16]],"date-time":"2017-12-16T16:47:58Z","timestamp":1513442878000},"page":"465-477","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Interferons and beyond: Induction of antiretroviral restriction factors"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Dominik","family":"Hotter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center , Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Kirchhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center , Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023013012241909400_jlb10002-bib-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1152725","article-title":"Identification of host proteins required for HIV infection through a functional genomic screen","volume":"319","author":"Brass","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2023013012241909400_jlb10002-bib-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.06.028","article-title":"Identification of Zika virus and dengue virus dependency factors using functional genomics","volume":"16","author":"Savidis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"2023013012241909400_jlb10002-bib-0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3741","article-title":"A genome-wide CRISPR screen identifies a restricted set of HIV host dependency factors","volume":"49","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2023013012241909400_jlb10002-bib-0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2546","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-01-678144","article-title":"The clinical applications of genome editing in HIV","volume":"127","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2023013012241909400_jlb10002-bib-0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s12981-017-0157-8","article-title":"The therapeutic landscape of HIV-1 via genome editing","volume":"14","author":"Kwarteng","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIDS Res Ther"},{"key":"2023013012241909400_jlb10002-bib-0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3295","article-title":"Evolutionary conflicts between viruses and restriction factors shape immunity","volume":"12","author":"Duggal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2023013012241909400_jlb10002-bib-0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.10.019","article-title":"SnapShot: antiviral restriction factors","volume":"163","author":"Kluge","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2023013012241909400_jlb10002-bib-0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3449","article-title":"HIV-1 and interferons: who's interfering with whomarticle-title","volume":"13","author":"Doyle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"2023013012241909400_jlb10002-bib-0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40875","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R112.416925","article-title":"The restriction factors of human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"287","author":"Harris","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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