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Thus, this study aimed to investigate the thymic function, immune activation, and cell death by pyroptosis and apoptosis in virologically suppressed HIV-positive patients receiving cART. Immunophenotyping analyses were performed in 57 cART-treated HIV-infected patients with undetectable plasma viral load, who were classified as immunological nonresponders (INR = 29) and immunologic responders (IR = 28). Sociodemographic and clinical data were also assessed from medical records. Twelve healthy volunteers were also included in this study. The INR showed lower pretreatment CD4+ T cell count that remained low even after 1 yr of treatment, lower CD4\/CD8 ratio, lower percentage of recent thymic emigrant (RTE) CD4+ T cell (CD45RA+CD31+) and na\u00efve CD4+ T cell (CD45RA+CD62L+), higher levels of effector memory CD4+ T cells (CD45RA-CD62L-), and higher pyroptosis levels of RTE CD4+ T cells (CD31+FLICA-Caspase1+) when compared with IR. Our findings indicate that reduced thymic function and RTE CD4+ T cell death by pyroptosis are the major mechanisms of immunological recovery failure in HIV-infected patients receiving cART.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.4a0919-235r","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,6]],"date-time":"2019-11-06T06:15:01Z","timestamp":1573020901000},"page":"85-94","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Immunological recovery failure in cART-treated HIV-positive patients is associated with reduced thymic output and RTE CD4+ T cell death by pyroptosis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"107","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9798-8438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wlisses Henrique Veloso","family":"Carvalho-Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco\u2014UFPE , Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Leandro","family":"Andrade-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco\u2014UFPE , Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco\u2014UFPE , Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabr\u00edcio Oliveira","family":"Souto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco\u2014UFPE , Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil"},{"name":"Agreste Academic Center (CAA), Federal University of Pernambuco\u2014UFPE , Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio Victor Campos","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco\u2014UFPE , Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Crovella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco\u2014UFPE , Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco\u2014UFPE , Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael Lima","family":"Guimar\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco\u2014UFPE , Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco\u2014UFPE , Recife, Pernambuco, 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