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Heat inactivated serum and mononuclear cells from streptococcal M-protein immunized rats independently induced upregulation of the endothelial cell adhesion molecules, vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 in cultured cells. We also observed T-cell migration across endothelial cell monolayers incubated with serum from M-protein-immunized rats. Furthermore, we observed VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression in the myocardium of rats injected with M-protein compared to control animals. These observations support the contention that initial interactions between streptococcal M-protein specific Abs and\/or T-cells with the heart endothelium lead to endothelial cell activation followed by transmigration of M-protein specific T-cells into heart tissue leading to an inflammatory process that leads to carditis in rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.4ma0919-096rr","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,16]],"date-time":"2019-10-16T10:38:05Z","timestamp":1571222285000},"page":"263-271","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Anti-streptococcal antibody and T-cell interactions with vascular endothelial cells initiate the development of rheumatic carditis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"Suchandan","family":"Sikder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health, James Cook University , 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