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This disease affects the intestine and the liver, and is the third leading cause of human deaths among parasite infections. E.\u00a0histolytica infection of the intestine or liver is associated with a strong inflammation characterized by a large number of infiltrating neutrophils. Consequently, several reports suggest that neutrophils play a protective role in amoebiasis. However, other reports indicate that amoebas making direct contact with neutrophils provoke lysis of these leukocytes, resulting in the release of their lytic enzymes, which in turn provoke tissue damage. Therefore, the role of neutrophils in this parasitic infection remains controversial. Neutrophils migrate from the circulation to sites of infection, where they display several antimicrobial functions, including phagocytosis, degranulation, and formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NET). Recently, it was found that E. histolytica trophozoites are capable of inducing NET formation. Neutrophils in touch with amoebas launched NET in an explosive manner around the amoebas and completely covered them in nebulous DNA and cell aggregates where parasites got immobilized and killed. In addition, the phenotype of neutrophils can be modified by the microbiome resulting in protection against amoebas. This review describes the mechanisms of E. histolytica infection and discusses the novel view of how neutrophils are involved in innate immunity defense against amoebiasis. Also, the mechanisms on how the microbiome modulates neutrophil function are described.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.4mr0521-849rr","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]],"date-time":"2021-06-04T13:47:19Z","timestamp":1622814439000},"page":"1241-1252","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Neutrophils vs. amoebas: Immunity against the protozoan parasite<i>Entamoeba histolytica<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Carlos","family":"Rosales","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Inmunolog\u00eda, Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico , Mexico City, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023032108392883800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2019.151358","article-title":"Intestinal amoebiasis: 160 years of its first detection and still remains as a health problem in developing countries","volume":"310","author":"Carrero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"2023032108392883800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-091313-103550","article-title":"Regulation of virulence of Entamoeba histolytica","volume":"68","author":"Marie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"2023032108392883800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004125","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004125","article-title":"Prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum\/hominis, Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia among young children with and without diarrhea in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania","volume":"9","author":"Tellevik","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2023032108392883800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32088","DOI":"10.3402\/ljm.v11.32088","article-title":"Prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, and Cryptosporidium spp. in Libya: 2000\u20132015","volume":"11","author":"Ghenghesh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Libyan J Med"},{"key":"2023032108392883800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0005424","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005424","article-title":"The global burden of disease study 2013: what does it mean for the NTDs?","volume":"11","author":"Herricks","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2023032108392883800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofy161","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofy161","article-title":"A review of the global burden, new diagnostics, and current therapeutics for amebiasis","volume":"5","author":"Shirley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023032108392883800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S207","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2009.00242.x","article-title":"Association of malnutrition with amebiasis","volume":"67","author":"Petri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"2023032108392883800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004225","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004225","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of amoebiasis: a cross-sectional study among North East Indian population","volume":"9","author":"Nath","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2023032108392883800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1812-8","article-title":"Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar infection in Mexican school children: genotyping and phylogenetic relationship","volume":"16","author":"Rojas","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2023032108392883800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1207777","article-title":"Enteropathogens and chronic illness in returning travelers","volume":"368","author":"Ross","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2023032108392883800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s40794-017-0052-2","article-title":"Review: chronic and persistent diarrhea with a focus in the returning traveler","volume":"3","author":"Duplessis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trop Dis Travel Med Vaccines"},{"key":"2023032108392883800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-020-01440-7","article-title":"2020) A rare hepatic mass in an Italian resident","volume":"20","author":"Borro","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2023032108392883800_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.13.2.318","article-title":"Pathogenesis of intestinal amebiasis: from molecules to disease","volume":"13","author":"Espinosa-Cantellano","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2023032108392883800_","first-page":"112","article-title":"Inflammatory reaction in experimental hepatic amebiasis. 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