{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T05:36:41Z","timestamp":1790487401318,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,28]],"date-time":"2018-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1535414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"ERC Consolidation Grant","award":["#310372"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#310372"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"The Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001732","name":"Danish National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DNRF108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DNRF108"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001732","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The anti-tuberculosis vaccine Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) is a well-known immune modulator that induces nonspecific protective effects against heterologous infections through induction of innate immune memory, also termed \u201ctrained immunity.\u201d In randomized trials in low weight newborns, BCG vaccination reduced neonatal mortality due to decreased incidence of sepsis and respiratory infections. In many studies, sex-differential nonspecific effects of vaccines have been observed, but the mechanisms behind these differential effects are unknown. We investigated whether the important sex hormones estrogen and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) influence BCG-induced trained immunity in human primary monocytes. Although addition of estradiol and DHT to BCG inhibited the production of proinflammatory cytokines after direct stimulation of human monocytes, they did not influence the induction of trained immunity by BCG. In addition, estradiol or DHT did not induce training or tolerance in monocytes themselves. We conclude that these important sex hormones are unlikely to explain the sex-differential effects after BCG vaccination. Future studies should focus on the investigation of alternative mechanisms as an explanation for sex-differential nonspecific effects of BCG vaccination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.5ma0118-027r","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,30]],"date-time":"2018-08-30T01:08:49Z","timestamp":1535591329000},"page":"573-578","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["The impact of sex hormones on BCG-induced trained immunity"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"L C J","family":"de Bree","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Research Center for Vitamins and Vaccines, Statens Serum Institut , Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Odense Patient Data Explorative Network, University of Southern Denmark\/Odense University Hospital , Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robine","family":"Janssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Aaby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Vitamins and Vaccines, Statens Serum Institut , Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reinout","family":"van Crevel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leo A B","family":"Joosten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine Stabell","family":"Benn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Vitamins and Vaccines, Statens Serum Institut , Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Odense Patient Data Explorative Network, University of Southern Denmark\/Odense University Hospital , Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihai G","family":"Netea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department for Genomics & Immunoregulation, University of Bonn , Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023032406105918900_jlb10224-cit-0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2011.04.006","article-title":"Trained immunity: a memory for innate host defense","volume":"9","author":"Netea","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"2023032406105918900_jlb10224-cit-0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2018.06.002","article-title":"Non-specific effects of vaccines: Current evidence and potential implications","volume-title":"Semin Immunol","author":"de 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