{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T15:21:44Z","timestamp":1747149704236,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,8]],"date-time":"2020-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1599523200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001826","name":"ZonMw","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JIMD Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Free carnitine has been measured in the Dutch newborn screening (NBS) program since 2007 with a referral threshold of \u22645 \u03bcmol\/L, regardless of gestational age or birthweight. However, several studies suggest that carnitine concentrations may depend on gestational age and birthweight. We evaluated differences in postnatal day\u2010to\u2010day carnitine concentrations in newborns based on gestational age (GA) and\/or weight for GA (WfGA).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A retrospective study was performed using data from the Dutch NBS. Dried blood spot (DBS) carnitine concentrations, collected between the 3rd and 10th day of life, of nearly 2 million newborns were included. Individuals were grouped based on GA and WfGA. Median carnitine concentrations were calculated for each group. Mann\u2010Whitney <jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic> tests, and chi\u2010square tests were applied to test for significant differences between groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Preterm, postterm, and small for GA (SGA) newborns have higher carnitine concentrations at the third day of life compared to term newborns. The median carnitine concentration of preterm newborns declines from day 3 onwards, and approximates that of term newborns at the sixth day of life, while median concentrations of postterm and SGA newborns remain elevated at least throughout the first 10\u2009days of life. Carnitine concentrations \u22645 \u03bcmol\/L were found less frequently in SGA newborns and newborns born between 32 and 37\u2009weeks of gestation, compared to term newborns.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Median carnitine concentrations in NBS DBS vary with day of sampling, GA, and WfGA. It is important to take these variables into account when interpreting NBS results..<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmd2.12162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]],"date-time":"2020-11-10T07:22:11Z","timestamp":1604992931000},"page":"95-104","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Neonatal carnitine concentrations in relation to gestational age and weight"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Loek L.","family":"Crefcoeur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Metabolic Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital University Medical Center Utrecht  Utrecht The Netherlands"},{"name":"Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monique G. M.","family":"de Sain\u2010van der Velden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section Metabolic Diagnostics, Department of Genetics University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University  Utrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sacha","family":"Ferdinandusse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mirjam","family":"Langeveld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rose","family":"Maase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Biologicals, Screening and Innovation Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment  Bilthoven The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric M.","family":"Vaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gepke","family":"Visser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Metabolic Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital University Medical Center Utrecht  Utrecht The Netherlands"},{"name":"Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronald J.A.","family":"Wanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frits A.","family":"Wijburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Emma's Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rendelien K.","family":"Verschoof\u2010Puite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Vaccine Supply and Prevention Programmes Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment  Bilthoven The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5630-7322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter C. 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