{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T03:02:54Z","timestamp":1778036574255,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JIMD Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and sialic acid (total and free) assays are used as first\u2010line screening tests for the diagnosis of mucopolysaccharidoses and glycoproteinoses, respectively. There is a pronounced age\u2010dependent variation in the urinary concentrations of these metabolites in the normal population, and the stratification of the reference values into discrete age ranges may lead to an undesirably high number of false\u2010positive or false\u2010negative results. The aim of this study was to design a method for calculating continuous reference intervals as a function of age and its application to the analysis of GAGs and sialic acid (total, free, and conjugated) in urine. In the postpubertal period, concentrations of urinary GAGs and sialic acid have reached a plateau, so a traditional calculation of the reference range in this specific age group was considered appropriate. In the prepubertal period, a nonlinear regression performed with the Excel add\u2010in Solver was used to fit the logarithmized concentrations of the controls to a curve that represents the mean values as a function of age. A uniform distribution of the residuals was obtained, which allowed the calculation of the reference intervals by adding the values of their 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles to the independent variable of the regression curve to calculate the upper and lower reference curves. The main advantages of the developed method are (1) a reduction in the number of control samples needed to obtain adequate reference intervals and (2) an improvement in the reliability of diagnostic screening by reducing the uncertainty generated by the gaps in the traditional age\u2010stratified method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/jmd2.12448","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,2]],"date-time":"2024-10-02T02:54:07Z","timestamp":1727837647000},"page":"442-449","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Calculation of continuous reference intervals for biological parameters exhibiting strong age\u2010dependent level changes: Its application to glycosaminoglycans and sialic acid in urine"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6831-0588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Emilio","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry Sahlgrenska University Hospital  Gothenburg Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine University of Gothenburg  Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mette","family":"Diswall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry Sahlgrenska University Hospital  Gothenburg Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine University of Gothenburg  Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anders","family":"Olsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry Sahlgrenska University Hospital  Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Torleif","family":"Jonsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry Sahlgrenska University Hospital  Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Johansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry Sahlgrenska University Hospital  Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Blomqvist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry Sahlgrenska University Hospital  Gothenburg Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine University of Gothenburg  Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572\u2010018\u20100025\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/41.4.544"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/35.7.1472"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000006887"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(93)90031-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI).Defining establishing and verifying reference intervals in the clinical laboratory; approved guideline document EP28\u2010A3c 3rd edition; 2008."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(87)90151-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2014.235564"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2016-0318"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2002.182"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000456329803500204"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2007.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-2607(00)00124-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00852829"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(48)80124-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","first-page":"492","volume-title":"The Kidney: Structure and Function in Health and Disease","author":"Smith HW","year":"1951"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS).Data table of infant length\u2010for\u2010age charts. 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